NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 3 Tissues in Action (2026-27)

Revise, Reflect, Refine (NCERT Textbook Page No. 44)

Question 1: Meristematic tissues divide repeatedly. What property of their cells allows them to do this?
(i) They have thick walls for protection.
(ii) They contain large vacuoles that store nutrients.
(iii) They have thin walls, dense cytoplasm, and large, prominent nucleus.
(iv) They are functionally differentiated cells.

Answer: The correct option is (iii) They have thin walls, dense cytoplasm, and large, prominent nucleus.

Meristematic cells divide actively because they are young, living, and undifferentiated cells. Their thin cell walls allow easy growth and division. Dense cytoplasm supports high metabolic activity, while the large and prominent nucleus controls repeated cell division.

Question 2: If a plant is unable to transport food from leaves to roots, which tissue is malfunctioning?
(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem
(iii) Epidermis
(iv) Sclerenchyma

Answer: The correct option is (ii) Phloem.

Phloem is the plant tissue responsible for transporting food prepared in the leaves to other parts of the plant, including roots, stems, flowers, and fruits. If food does not move from leaves to roots, it means the phloem is not functioning properly.

Question 3: Why are the epithelial tissues that line an animal’s internal organs usually only one or a few cells thick?
(i) To store food efficiently.
(ii) To provide maximum strength.
(iii) To allow quick exchange of materials across them.
(iv) To reduce friction.

Answer: The correct option is (iii) To allow quick exchange of materials across them.

Epithelial tissues are usually very thin because many of them are involved in absorption, diffusion, filtration, and exchange of materials. For example, the thin epithelium in the lungs allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to move quickly between air spaces and blood.

Question 4: You can perform these two jumps (Fig. 3.21):
Straight-leg jump – keep knees and ankles stiff.
Normal jump – bend knees and ankles naturally.
How did your ankle, knee, and hip positions differ between the two jumps?

Answer: In a straight-leg jump, the ankle, knee, and hip joints remain mostly stiff and straight. Since these joints do not bend much, the body cannot absorb the landing force properly, and the jump feels uncomfortable.

In a normal jump, the ankles, knees, and hips bend naturally. This bending helps the body push upward, maintain balance, absorb shock while landing, and perform the jump more smoothly.

Question 5: Which type of joint is involved when you bend your knees and ankles?
(i) Ball and socket
(ii) Hinge
(iii) Pivot

Answer: The correct option is (ii) Hinge.

A hinge joint allows movement mainly in one direction, similar to the opening and closing of a door. The knee and ankle joints help in bending and straightening movements, so they are examples of hinge-type movement.

Question 6: In each of the following cases (A, B, C, and D), choose the correct option as given below:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

A. Assertion: Epithelium is well-suited for gas exchange in the lungs.
Reason: It consists of multiple layers of tall cells that slow down diffusion.

Answer: The correct option is (iii) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

Epithelium in the lungs is well-suited for gas exchange because it is thin and allows quick diffusion of gases. However, the reason is false because the gas-exchange epithelium does not have multiple layers of tall cells. It is usually very thin to allow rapid movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

B. Assertion: Cardiac muscle can contract continuously without fatigue.
Reason: Cardiac muscle cells have a high number of mitochondria and an abundant blood supply.

Answer: The correct option is (i) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Cardiac muscles work continuously throughout life because they need a constant supply of energy. Their cells contain many mitochondria, which produce energy, and they also receive a rich blood supply. This helps them contract regularly without getting tired easily.

C. Assertion: Tendons connect bone to bone and allow joint movement.
Reason: Tendons are made of tough connective tissue that transmits force from muscle to bone.

Answer: The correct option is (iv) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

The assertion is false because tendons do not connect bone to bone. Tendons connect muscles to bones. The reason is true because tendons are made of strong connective tissue and help transfer the force produced by muscles to bones, enabling movement.

D. Assertion: In a hinge joint, movement occurs primarily in one plane.
Reason: The bone ends are shaped to allow sliding in all directions.

Answer: The correct option is (iii) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

A hinge joint allows movement mainly in one plane, such as bending and straightening. The reason is false because hinge joints do not allow sliding in all directions. Joints that allow sliding movements are different from hinge joints.

Question 7: Plot a graph between the age of a tree (in years) on the x-axis and the diameter of the tree (in cm) along with the number of annual rings formed over time on the y-axis, using the data given in the Table 3.7.

Table 3.7:
Data related to the age of a teak tree, and corresponding increase in the diameter of stem and number of annual rings

(i) Analyse the graph in terms of the diameter of the stem over time and share the interpretation.
(ii) What is the relation between the diameter of the teak tree to the annual rings formed?
(iii) Which specialised tissue is responsible for the girth of the stem, and where is it located?

Answer:
(i) The graph shows that the diameter of the teak tree increases as the age of the tree increases. This means the tree keeps growing in thickness over time. The increase is not the same in every age interval, but the overall trend shows steady secondary growth.

(ii) The number of annual rings also increases with age. Each annual ring represents one year of growth. As more annual rings are formed, more layers are added inside the stem, which increases the diameter of the tree. Therefore, the diameter of the teak tree and the number of annual rings have a direct relationship.

(iii) The specialised tissue responsible for the increase in girth of the stem is the lateral meristem, especially the cambium. It is located between the xylem and phloem. The cambium produces new cells, which add layers to the stem and cause secondary growth.

Question 8: In a forest, it was observed that one of the trees was severely debarked by an elephant to meet its food requirements, as the bark is a rich source of nutrients (Fig. 3.22). Based on your learning, answer the following:
(i) Which function(s) of the tree is/are hampered by debarking?
(ii) Which plant tissue would be affected by fig. 3.22? Further damage to the tree trunk even after debarking?
(iii) Which function of the tree would be hampered if the tissues beneath the bark were severely damaged?
(iv) What assumptions are you making to answer the questions above? How would the answer change if your assumptions are also changed?

Answer:
(i) Debarking removes the outer protective covering of the tree. This affects the protection of the stem against injury, infection, pests, and water loss. It can also disturb the transport of food because the phloem is present close to the bark.

(ii) The tissues most likely affected are the bark tissues, including protective tissues and phloem. If the damage goes deeper into the trunk, the cambium may also be affected. Cambium is important for increasing the thickness of the stem.

(iii) If the tissues beneath the bark are severely damaged, the transport of food from leaves to roots and other parts will be hampered. This is because phloem transports food. If the cambium is also damaged, the tree’s secondary growth will be affected. In severe cases, the tree may weaken and die due to a lack of food supply to the lower parts.

(iv) The assumptions are:
The bark has been removed, but the xylem is still mostly safe.
The damage is not spread around the entire trunk.
The tree still has some functional phloem and cambium.
The tree is growing under normal environmental conditions.

If the assumptions change, the answer will also change. For example, if the xylem is also damaged, water transport from roots to leaves will be affected. If the bark is removed all around the trunk, food transport to the roots may completely stop, and the tree may die faster.

Question 9: Aamrapali observed that a young mango sapling’s stem bends flexibly during monsoon winds and does not break. Which tissue is responsible for this flexibility? Predict and provide your explanation of the impact if the existing tissue was replaced by sclerenchyma.

Answer:
The tissue responsible for flexibility in the young mango sapling is collenchyma.

Collenchyma is a living mechanical tissue found in young stems and leaf stalks. Its cells have unevenly thickened walls, which provide both support and flexibility. Because of this tissue, the young stem can bend during strong winds without breaking.

If collenchyma were replaced by sclerenchyma, the stem would become hard and rigid. Sclerenchyma cells are dead and have thick lignified walls. They provide strength but not flexibility. As a result, the young sapling may become brittle and may break during monsoon winds instead of bending safely.

Question 10: Sohan designed an experiment for the regeneration of sugarcane, where he used cuttings to grow sugarcane. He used two types of cuttings, type ‘A’ and type ‘B’ (Fig. 3.23). After a few weeks, type ‘B’ cuttings sprouted and developed into sugarcane plants, whereas the type ‘A’ cuttings did not sprout.
(i) Why were the type ‘B’ cuttings able to grow as sugarcane, but type ‘A’ could not?
(ii) What difference was present in type ‘B’ compared to type ‘A’?
(iii) What observation or measurement was made to determine whether this Fig. 3.23 change had an effect?
(iv) What parameters should be kept the same for both types of cuttings to ensure a fair comparison?

Answer:
(i) Type ‘B’ cuttings were able to grow because they had nodes with buds. These buds contain meristematic cells that can divide and develop into new shoots and roots. Type ‘A’ cuttings did not sprout because they lacked nodes or active buds.

(ii) The main difference was that type ‘B’ had nodes and buds, while type ‘A’ did not. Nodes are important because new growth usually begins from these regions.

(iii) The observation made was whether the cuttings sprouted or not. Growth could be measured by checking the number of sprouts, the length of shoots, the number of roots, and the overall development of the new plant.

(iv) The following parameters should be kept the same for a fair comparison:

• Same size and length of cuttings

• Same soil type

• The same amount of water

• Same sunlight exposure

• Same temperature

• Same planting depth

• Same duration of observation

Question 11: During the discussion in class, Rohan gives a statement that “A tissue is a group of similar cells performing similar functions”. But Rajiv counter argues that, “this is true in case of simple tissues but little different in case of complex tissues”. Provide your explanation in view of the discussion in class.

Answer: Rohan’s statement is correct for simple tissues. Simple tissues are made up of similar types of cells that perform the same function. Examples include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

Rajiv’s point is also correct because complex tissues are different. Complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cell, but all these cells work together to perform a common function. For example, xylem has tracheids, vessels, fibres, and parenchyma, and together they help in water transport and support. Similarly, phloem has sieve tubes, companion cells, fibres, and parenchyma, and together they transport food.

Question 12: Coconut husk fibres are used for mats, which are tough and fibrous. Which tissue has structural features suitable for providing this strength? Explain why living parenchyma couldn’t serve the same purpose.

Answer: The tissue that provides strength to coconut husk fibres is sclerenchyma.

Sclerenchyma cells are dead cells with very thick and lignified cell walls. These structural features make them hard, strong, and fibrous. Because of this, coconut husk fibres are suitable for making mats, ropes, and other tough materials.

Living parenchyma cells cannot serve the same purpose because they have thin cell walls and are soft in nature. Parenchyma mainly helps in storage, photosynthesis, and packing, but it does not provide the strong mechanical support needed for tough fibres.

Question 13: Vibha claims to her friend Neha that, “Meristematic cells are located only at the root and shoot apices”. What do you think about this statement? What question can Neha ask Vïbha to help her understand further if the statement is incorrect?

Answer: Vibha’s statement is incorrect.

Meristematic cells are not found only at the root and shoot tips. The meristem present at the tips of roots and shoots is called the apical meristem, and it helps in increasing the length of the plant. However, meristematic tissue is also found in other regions.

For example, the intercalary meristem is found near nodes or at the base of leaves and helps in regrowth. Lateral meristem, such as cambium, is present on the sides of stems and roots and helps increase their girth.

Neha can ask Vibha:
“If meristematic cells are present only at root and shoot apices, then how does a plant increase in thickness or regrow from nodes after cutting?”

Question 14: A plant cell and an animal cell are of the same size.
(i) Which cell will have a larger vacuole? Give reasons.
(ii) What assumptions are you making to answer the question above?

Answer:
(i) The plant cell will have a larger vacuole.

A mature plant cell usually has a large central vacuole that stores water, minerals, nutrients, and waste products. It also helps maintain turgidity, which gives firmness and support to the plant cell. Animal cells may have small vacuoles or may not have prominent vacuoles.

(ii) The assumptions are:

The plant cell is a mature cell.
Both cells are typical examples of plant and animal cells.
Both cells are observed under normal conditions.
The comparison is based on general cell structure.

Question 15: A textbook states, “Each plant tissue performs only one specific function”. What questions would you ask to critically examine the correctness of this statement? What examples of tissues would you take to find out the answers to these questions?

Answer:The statement is not completely correct because many plant tissues can perform more than one function.

Questions that can be asked are:

Can one plant tissue perform more than one function?
Do all cells in a tissue perform the same role?
Can a tissue provide both support and storage?
Can transport tissues also provide mechanical strength?
Do simple and complex tissues work in the same way?

Examples to examine the statement:

• Parenchyma: It can store food, perform photosynthesis when chloroplasts are present, and help in packing.

• Collenchyma: It provides support as well as flexibility to young plant parts.

• Sclerenchyma: It provides strength and protection.

• Xylem: It transports water and minerals and also provides support.

• Phloem: It transports food with the help of different types of cells working together.

So, plant tissues may have a main function, but many of them also perform additional functions.

Think It Over (NCERT Textbook Page No. 28)

Question 1: How is the study of cells and tissues significant for understanding the life processes and human welfare?

Answer: The study of cells and tissues is important because cells are the basic units of life, and tissues are groups of cells that perform specific functions. By studying them, we can understand how living organisms grow, respire, digest food, move, respond to stimuli, and repair damaged parts.

This knowledge is also useful for human welfare. It helps doctors and scientists understand diseases, tissue damage, infections, cancer, wound healing, and organ functions. It also supports medical research, tissue culture, organ transplantation, and the development of better treatments.

Question 2: How are tissues in plants and animals different, and why?

Answer: Plant and animal tissues are different because plants and animals have different lifestyles and needs.

Plants are usually fixed in one place, so their tissues mainly provide support, protection, growth, food preparation, and transport of water and food. Many plant tissues, such as xylem and sclerenchyma, have dead cells that provide strength.

Animals move from place to place and need quick responses. Therefore, animal tissues are more specialised for movement, coordination, protection, transport, and support. For example, muscular tissue helps in movement, nervous tissue carries messages, and blood transports materials.

Thus, plant tissues are mainly adapted for support and transport, while animal tissues are adapted for movement, coordination, and fast body functions.

Question 3: How is the division of labour at various levels of organisation in multicellular organisms correlated with their structure and function?

Answer: In multicellular organisms, division of labour means different cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems perform different functions. This makes the organism work efficiently.

At the cellular level, cells have specific shapes and structures according to their functions. For example, nerve cells are long so they can transmit impulses. At the tissue level, similar cells work together, such as muscle cells forming muscular tissue for movement. At the organ level, different tissues combine to form organs like the heart. At the organ system level, organs work together, such as the digestive system helping in digestion.

Therefore, structure and function are closely related at every level of organisation.

Think It Over (NCERT Textbook Page No. 31)

Question 4: Why do you think that the cells of meri Zematic tissue have vacuoles?

Answer: Meristematic cells are actively dividing cells, so they usually have very small vacuoles or almost no large vacuoles.

These cells need dense cytoplasm and a large nucleus to support rapid cell division. A large vacuole would occupy too much space and reduce the amount of cytoplasm. This would interfere with active division. Therefore, meristematic cells have small or poorly developed vacuoles.

Pause and Ponder (NCERT Textbook Page No. 33)

Question 1: You may have noticed that fibres of coconut husk are hard and brittle, whereas the leaf stalks of coriander are soft and flexible. Find out the reason.

Answer: Coconut husk fibres are hard and brittle because they contain sclerenchyma tissue. Sclerenchyma cells are dead and have thick, lignified cell walls, which provide strength, hardness, and toughness.

Coriander leaf stalks are soft and flexible because they contain tissues such as parenchyma and collenchyma. Parenchyma cells are soft and living, while collenchyma provides flexibility and support. This is why coriander stalks bend easily, while coconut fibres are tough.

Pause and Ponder (NCERT Textbook Page No. 34)

Question 2: Why do you think that a thick cuticle on the outer wall of epidermis is advantageous for a plant living in the desert but disadvantageous for a plant living underwater?

Answer: A thick cuticle is useful for desert plants because it reduces water loss through transpiration. Desert plants live in dry conditions, so conserving water is very important for their survival.

However, for underwater plants, a thick cuticle can be disadvantageous. Aquatic plants are surrounded by water and need to exchange gases and absorb dissolved substances easily. A thick cuticle may reduce this exchange and make it difficult for the plant to absorb water and gases from its surroundings.

Question 3: Once water is absorbed by plant roots, it has to travel against gravity through xylem. How do the dead cells of the xylem work together with the living cells of leaves at the top to keep the water moving?

Answer: Xylem contains dead, hollow cells that form long, continuous tubes from roots to leaves. These tubes provide a pathway for water movement.

The living cells in leaves lose water through transpiration. This loss of water creates a pulling force called transpiration pull. The pull draws water upward through the xylem from roots to leaves. Cohesion between water molecules and adhesion between water molecules and xylem walls help maintain a continuous water column.

Thus, dead xylem cells provide the transport pathway, while living leaf cells create the pull that helps water move upward against gravity.

Question 4: What do you think will happen if there were no stomata in the epidermis of the stem or leaves?

Answer: If there were no stomata in the epidermis of stems or leaves, gas exchange would not take place properly. Carbon dioxide would not enter the leaves for photosynthesis, and oxygen would not be released efficiently.

Transportation would also be affected. Without transpiration, the transpiration pull needed for the upward movement of water through xylem would reduce. As a result, photosynthesis, water transport, cooling of the plant, and overall plant growth would be badly affected.

Pause and Ponder (NCERT Textbook Page No. 40)

Question 5: Look at the picture given below (Fig. 3.17). Carefully observe the various poses of classical and folk dances of India. Can you identify which joints are involved? Also, what type of movement each joint allows?

Answer: Different joints are involved in classical and folk dance movements. These joints allow bending, turning, rotation, and balance.

• Neck joint: It helps in turning the head from side to side and slightly bending it.

• Shoulder joint: It is a ball-and-socket joint that allows circular movement and movement in many directions.

• Elbow joint: It is a hinge joint that allows bending and straightening of the arms.

• Wrist joint: It allows small movements in different directions and helps in hand gestures.

• Hip joint: It is a ball-and-socket joint that allows movement of the legs in many directions.

• Knee joint: It is a hinge joint that allows bending and straightening of the legs.

• Ankle joint: It helps in foot movement, balance, and controlled body posture during dance.

Think as a Scientist (NCERT Textbook Page No. 42)

(a) What do you conclude about the characteristics of phloem cells of the carrot?
(b) In which of the three combinations would you obtain the highest and lowest biomass? What could be the possible reason(s) for this observation?
(c) Will you get the same results if you culture animal cells instead of carrot cells?
(d) Think and mention any two commercial applications of the study above.

Answer:
(a) Carrot phloem cells are living cells and show totipotency. This means they can divide and develop into different types of plant tissues under suitable conditions. With proper nutrients, hormones, air, and light, these cells can grow into a complete plant.

(b) The highest biomass would be obtained in the combination where all favourable conditions are present, such as liquid medium, nutrients, light, and air. These conditions support respiration, photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, and active cell division.

The lowest biomass would be obtained where an important factor, such as air or proper nutrient availability, is absent. Without enough air, respiration is reduced, and without proper nutrients, cell growth slows down.

(c) No, the same results would not usually be obtained with animal cells. Most mature animal cells do not show totipotency like plant cells. Animal cells can divide and grow in culture under special conditions, but they generally cannot regenerate into a complete organism like plant cells.

(d) Two commercial applications are:

Micropropagation: It is used to produce a large number of identical plants in a short time, such as banana, sugarcane, and orchids.
Crop improvement: Tissue culture is used to produce disease-free, high-yielding, and improved plant varieties.

Activity 3.1: Let Us Design Experiments (NCERT Textbook Page No. 29-30)

Aim: To study the role of root tips in the growth of roots in an onion bulb.

Table 3.1: Experimental Data

Observations:

Table 3.1: Experimental data (Readings may vary)

In Jar A, where the root tips are not cut, the roots continue to grow in length every day.

In Jar B, where the root tips are removed, the growth of roots stops or becomes very slow.

The observations show that root growth mainly occurs at the tips. The difference between Jar A and Jar B proves that the root tip plays an important role in root growth.

Conclusion:
The experiment shows that roots grow from their tips. Root tips contain the apical meristem, which has actively dividing cells. These cells increase the length of roots. When the root tip is removed, the meristematic tissue is also removed, so root growth stops or slows down.

Activity 3.2: Let Us Understand Further (NCERT Textbook Page No. 36)

Aim: To understand the role of blood and its components in different body responses such as injury, infection, and exercise.

1. Recall everyday experiences given in the first column of Table 3.3.

2. Write your observations and questions in your notebook.

3. Compare your observations with the observations given in Table 3.3. Do it yourself.

Table 3.3: Your Experiences, Observations and Questions from Daily Life

Observations:

Table 3.3: Your experiences, observations, and questions from daily life (Answers may vary)

Conclusion:
Blood plays an important role in protection, transport, and healing. Platelets help in clotting, white blood cells fight infection, and red blood cells carry oxygen. During exercise, the body needs more oxygen, so breathing and heartbeat increase.

Activity 3.3: Let Us Perform (NCERT Textbook Page No. 37)

Aim: To identify different connective tissues in the human body through simple daily life actions and understand their functions.

1. Perform the actions given in Table 3.4.

2. Record your experiences and compare them with the experiences given in Table 3.4.

3. Study their functions and identify the connective tissues (Fig. 3.12). (Refer to Table 3.4 and Fig. 3.12 of NCERT textbook) Do it yourself.

Table 3.4: Connective Tissues 

Answer:
Different connective tissues in the human body perform different functions.

Bone is a hard connective tissue. It has a rigid matrix containing calcium and phosphorus compounds. It gives shape, support, and protection to the body.

Cartilage is softer and more flexible than bone. It is found in areas such as the nose, ear, and joints. It provides support and cushioning.

Tendons connect muscles to bones. They help transmit the force produced by muscles to bones and allow movement.

Ligaments connect bones to bones. They hold joints together and prevent excessive movement.

Thus, connective tissues help in support, protection, movement, and attachment of different body parts.

Activity 3.4: Let Us Investigate (NCERT Textbook Page No. 39)

Aim: To estimate the percentage of bones and muscles in the human body and compare it with total body weight.

Question: Discuss why do bone and muscle mass differ between individuals, and how do they contribute to the overall body weight?

Answer: Bone and muscle mass differ from person to person because of age, gender, genetics, nutrition, physical activity, and overall health. Children have growing bones and developing muscles, while adults usually have more stable bone and muscle mass. People who exercise regularly often have stronger bones and greater muscle mass than those who are inactive.

Bones contribute to body weight by providing a strong framework and support. Muscles contribute a large part of body weight because they are involved in movement, posture, and strength. In adults, bones usually form about 12-15% of body weight, while muscles form a larger percentage. The rest of the body weight includes organs, blood, fat, water, and other tissues.

Activity 3.5: Let Us Observe (NCERT Textbook Page No. 39)

Aim: To observe different types of movements performed by various parts of the human body and identify the type of joints involved.

Observations:

Table 3.5: Different types of movements our body can make

Conclusion:
Different body parts show different types of movement because they have different types of joints. Hinge joints allow bending and straightening, ball and socket joints allow movement in many directions, and other joints allow partial movement, turning, or gliding. These joints work with muscles and bones to help the body move smoothly.

Class 9 Science Chapter 3 Tissues in Action Solutions

Vedantu provides NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 3, Tissues in Action, from the Exploration textbook for the 2026-27 academic session. This chapter explains how cells with similar structure and function combine to form tissues in plants and animals. It covers important concepts such as meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, xylem, phloem, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue, joints, and tissue culture.

The solutions include clear answers for exercise questions, in-text questions, activity-based questions, assertion-reason questions, graph-based questions, and application-based questions. Students can use these solutions for homework, revision, concept clarity, and school exam preparation. The downloadable FREE PDF also helps students revise the complete chapter offline whenever needed.

CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 3 Study Materials

Students can use the Chapter 3 study materials below to revise important concepts, practise extra questions, and strengthen their understanding of plant tissues, animal tissues, joints, connective tissues, and tissue culture.

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The chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science help students understand concepts from different areas of science in a simple and organised way. These resources provide clear explanations, textbook answers, activity-based solutions, diagrams, examples, and revision support for each chapter.

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The following Class 9 Science study materials support concept learning, practice, revision, and exam preparation. Students can use them along with the Exploration textbook solutions for better understanding and regular study.