CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26 Updated Curriculum and Course Structure

Exam Duration: 3 Hours

Theory: 80 Marks

Project Work: 20 Marks

Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26 PDF Download - Part A Introductory Macroeconomics

Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26 PDF Download - Part B Indian Economic Development

CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26 PDF - Overall Examination Structure

CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26 Unit Wise Topics

Part A Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 1 National Income and Related Aggregates

• What is Macroeconomics?

• Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.

• Circular flow of income (two-sector model).

• Methods of calculating National Income: Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.

• Aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) at market price and at factor cost; Real and Nominal GDP.

• GDP Deflator, GDP and Welfare.

Unit 2 Money and Banking

• Money – meaning and functions.

• Supply of money – currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.

• Money creation by the commercial banking system.

• Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Government Bank, Banker’s Bank.

• Control of credit through Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement.

Unit 3 Determination of Income and Employment

• Aggregate demand and its components.

• Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).

• Short run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism.

• Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.

• Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them including changes in government spending, taxes and money supply.

Unit 4 Government Budget and the Economy

• Government budget – meaning, objectives and components.

• Classification of receipts – revenue receipts and capital receipts.

• Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.

• Balanced, surplus and deficit budget – measures of government deficit.

Unit 5 Balance of Payments

• Balance of payments account – meaning and components.

• Balance of payments – surplus and deficit.

• Foreign exchange rate – meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating.

• Determination of exchange rate in a free market.

• Merits and demerits of flexible and fixed exchange rate.

• Managed floating exchange rate system.

Part B Indian Economic Development

Unit 6 Development Experience (1947–90) and Economic Reforms since 1991

• Brief introduction to the state of the Indian economy on the eve of independence.

• Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans.

• Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI role and importance) and foreign trade.

• Economic reforms since 1991: features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy).

• Concepts of demonetization and GST.

Unit 7 Current Challenges Facing Indian Economy

• Human capital formation: how people become resource; role of human capital in economic development; growth of education sector in India.

• Rural development: key issues including credit and marketing, role of cooperatives, agricultural diversification, alternative farming such as organic farming.

• Employment: growth and changes in workforce participation rate in formal and informal sectors; problems and policies.

• Sustainable economic development: meaning, effects of economic development on resources and environment, including global warming.

Unit 8 Development Experience of India A Comparison with Neighbours

• India and Pakistan.

• India and China.

• Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other human development indicators.

Part C Project in Economics

Prescribed Books

• Statistics for Economics NCERT.

• Indian Economic Development NCERT.

• Introductory Microeconomics NCERT.

• Macroeconomics NCERT.

• Supplementary Reading Material in Economics CBSE.
  
  

Note: The above publications are also available in Hindi Medium.

How Can You Use Vedantu’s Economics Syllabus Class 12 CBSE 2025-26 for Better Preparation?

• Following the economics syllabus class 12 CBSE 2025-26 helps students clearly understand what topics are included in Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.

• Reviewing the class 12 economics syllabus chapter wise allows you to divide study time between theory, diagrams, and numerical-based concepts more effectively.

• Students who plan their preparation using the syllabus can track completed chapters easily and avoid last-minute stress before exams.

• A syllabus-based study approach also improves revision efficiency and ensures full coverage of important topics.

Related Topic Pages for CBSE Economics Class 12:

CBSE Class 12 Study Materials