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Revision Notes

Class 7

Social Science: Geography

Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

Inside Our Earth Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 CBSE Notes - 2025-26

Q: 3. What is a quick summary of the three major rock types?

The three major rock types are:Igneous Rocks: Formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma or lava. They are also called primary rocks.Sedimentary Rocks: Formed when small particles of other rocks (sediments) are compressed and hardened over time.Metamorphic Rocks: Formed when igneous or sedimentary rocks are changed by intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth.

Q: 4. For revision, how can one distinguish between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?

The key distinction is where they cool. Extrusive rocks, like basalt, form when lava cools rapidly on the Earth's surface, resulting in fine-grained structures. Intrusive rocks, like granite, form when magma cools slowly beneath the Earth's surface, allowing large grains to form.

Q: 6. Why are igneous rocks referred to as 'primary rocks' in the chapter summary?

Igneous rocks are called primary rocks because they are the first rocks formed directly from the cooling of molten material (magma or lava). All other rock types, sedimentary and metamorphic, are formed from the alteration, breakdown, or transformation of these original igneous rocks, making them secondary in origin.

Q: 9. What are the key practical uses of rocks and minerals to remember for revision?

For revision, remember these key uses:Construction: Hard rocks like granite and sandstone are used for building roads, houses, and bridges.Industry: Limestone is a key ingredient for making cement.Fuels: Minerals like coal, natural gas, and petroleum are vital energy sources.Everyday Items: Many minerals are used to make things like fertilisers, medicines, and even chalk.

Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 Summary Notes PDF Download

Vedantu provides CBSE Class 7 Geography Revision Notes for the chapter "Inside Our Earth," offering a clear and simple explanation of the Earth's layers, rock types, and the structure beneath our feet. These notes are designed to help students easily understand complex topics and prepare efficiently for exams.

Table of Content

According to the CBSE Class 7 Social Science Syllabus, this chapter covers essential concepts about the Earth's interior. By studying these revision notes, students can quickly grasp key points, making their learning process more effective. Download the Revision Notes for Class 7 Geography to enhance your understanding and score well in your exams.

Access Class 7th Geography Chapter 2 Notes PDF on Inside Our Earth

1. Inside Our Earth:

Earth is the third planet of the solar system and unearths fascinating facts about its core. For now, Earth is the only celestial body that has life on which 29% of the earth surface is land and 71% is water. Scientists believe that the earth was formed around 4.5 billion years ago.

2. Layers of Earth

To understand the layers under the earth. Take an example of a cabbage, when cut vertically, we see layers of leaves and then an extreme core section. Earth’s structure is similar to it.

Earth is made of three layers namely:

a. Crust:

i. Outermost layer of the Earth’s surface.

ii. It is made of mainly Silicate. Its thickness can vary up to 5 km in the case of the oceanic crust or 35km in the case of continental crust.

iii. This Crust is made up of Sedimentary material and under this lies crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks, that are acidic in nature.

iv. Continents cover the crust area and are composed of lighter Silicate which is a mixture of Silica and Aluminum.

v. On the other hand, the ocean crust area is made up of heavier Silicate i.e. Silica + Magnesium (Sima).

vi. Around 1% of the Earth's volume falls under the crust.

b. Mantle:

i. Found beneath the Crust layer lies that runs for about 2900 km thick.

ii. It occupies 84% of the earth’s volume and holds about 66% of the earth’s mass.

iii. Made up of silicate rich in Iron and Magnesium.

iv. The temperature varies from 2000 degrees Celsius to 40000 degrees Celsius increasing as it moves towards the centre of it.

v. The high temperature allows the Silicate material to loosen up without changing its characteristics.

vi. The heat generated in the Mantle region causes the transfer of material in different directions that leads to landscape formation of the Earth. It also causes movement in tectonic plates which in turn causes volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, seabed movements and mountain formation.

c. Core:

i. Earth’s core is more like a furnace from where tremendous heat flows out and pressure which is known as geothermal gradient.

ii. The core is made up of Iron & Nickel.

iii. The core consists of two parts - The outer Core has a liquid portion which is quite malleable. The churning of this liquid portion creates and sustains the earth’s magnetic field. On the other hand, the Inner core is very hot and is a dense ball of Iron. The density and pressure inside this region prevent the iron from melting.

3. Rocks and Minerals

Rock: A rock is a mixture of several different minerals which are tightly held in a solid form. They occur naturally.

On the basis of their formation, they can be categorised into:

a. Igneous Rock: Formed by the solidification of lava or magma. Magma is obtained from the melted forms of rocks found in the mantle or crust. It is mainly of two types:

i. Intrusive or Plutonic Rock: Those rocks formed when the magma cools and crystallizes inside Earth’s Crust itself. Granite is an example of plutonic rocks.

ii. Extrusive or Volcanic Rock: In these, the magma comes out on the surface of the earth as a thick semi-solid form like lava and cools down. For example pumice or basalt rock.

b. Sedimentary Rock: These rocks are formed in water due to the accumulation and cementation of very small pieces of broken rocks, minerals, and organisms. Sandstones, limestone and shale are some of its examples. Several times sedimentary rocks contain fossils.

c. Metamorphic Rock: When either the sedimentary rocks or igneous rocks are subjected to high pressure and temperature conditions, their physical properties and chemical composition change. This phenomenon is known as metamorphism. Quartzite, marble etc. are examples of this.

4. Minerals:

Minerals are naturally occurring elements or compounds that have certain physical properties and definite chemical composition. Minerals are quite useful to us. They can be used in many ways like fuels (e.g, coal), natural gas and petroleum; in the industries in the form of iron, aluminium, gold, uranium to form other objects. They can also be used as fertilizers and as raw materials for minerals.

5 Important Topics of Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

S. No	Important Topics
1	Layers of the Earth
2	Types of Rocks
3	Formation of Soil
4	Earth’s Crust and Mantle
5	Rock Cycle

Importance of Class 7 Geography Chapter 2 Notes on Inside Our Earth

Revision notes help us quickly understand and remember key concepts before exams.
They save time by focusing on essential information and skipping unnecessary details.
These notes simplify complex topics, making them easier to understand and use.
They provide practical examples that show how theoretical knowledge is used in real-life situations.
Revision notes ensure thorough preparation by covering all important topics in a structured manner.
They increase confidence by clearly understanding what to expect in exams.
Accessible formats like PDFs allow for easy studying anytime and anywhere.

Tips for Learning the Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth Class 7 Notes

Focus on the different layers of the Earth—crust, mantle, and core. Visualising these layers will help you remember their characteristics.
Familiarise yourself with the types of rocks—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Create a chart or use flashcards to recall their formation processes.
Understand the important terms like 'magma,' 'lava,' and 'fossils.' Understanding these terms will enhance your comprehension of the chapter.
Try to connect the concepts you learn in this chapter with real-life examples, like observing different types of rocks around you, to make the content more relatable.

Conclusion

Chapter 2 of Class 7 Geography, "Inside Our Earth," provides a detailed look at the Earth's structure, including its layers, types of rocks, and the processes that shape our planet. Understanding these concepts is essential for building a strong foundation in Geography. Vedantu's revision notes simplify these topics, making it easier for students to grasp the material and prepare effectively for exams. By using these notes, students can confidently navigate the chapter, revising key concepts and answering questions with ease. The chapter not only enhances knowledge about the Earth's interior but also encourages curiosity about the natural world. Use Vedantu’s notes to ensure a thorough understanding and excel in your studies.

Related Study Materials for Class 7 Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

S. No	Study Materials for Geography Class 7 Chapter 2
1.	Class 7 Inside Our Earth Solutions
2.	Class 7 Inside Our Earth Important Questions

Chapter-wise Revision Notes Links for Class 7 Geography

S. No	Revision Notes Links for Class 7 Geography
1	Chapter 1 Environment Notes
2	Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth Notes
3	Chapter 4 Air Notes
4	Chapter 5 Water Notes
5	Chapter 6 Human Environment Interactions The Tropical and the Subtropical Region Notes
6	Chapter 7 Life in the Deserts Notes

Important Study Materials for Class 7 Social Science

S. No	Study Materials Links for Class 7 Social Science - Geography
1.	CBSE Class 7 Geography NCERT Solutions
2.	CBSE Class 7 Geography NCERT Important Questions
3.	CBSE Class 7 Social Science Sample Papers
4.	CBSE Class 7 Social Science NCERT Book

FAQs on Inside Our Earth Class 7 Social Science Geography Chapter 2 CBSE Notes - 2025-26

1. How can you quickly summarise the three main layers of the Earth for revision?

For a quick revision, remember the Earth's interior has three concentric layers. The outermost, thinnest layer is the crust, where we live. Below this lies the mantle, a thick layer of semi-molten rock. At the centre is the core, which is divided into a liquid outer core and a solid inner core, composed mainly of nickel and iron.

2. What is the key difference between the continental crust (Sial) and oceanic crust (Sima)?

The main difference lies in their composition. The continental crust, or Sial, is primarily made of silica and alumina. In contrast, the oceanic crust, or Sima, is mainly composed of silica and magnesium. The continental crust is also thicker than the oceanic crust.

3. What is a quick summary of the three major rock types?

The three major rock types are:

Igneous Rocks: Formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma or lava. They are also called primary rocks.
Sedimentary Rocks: Formed when small particles of other rocks (sediments) are compressed and hardened over time.
Metamorphic Rocks: Formed when igneous or sedimentary rocks are changed by intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth.

4. For revision, how can one distinguish between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?

The key distinction is where they cool. Extrusive rocks, like basalt, form when lava cools rapidly on the Earth's surface, resulting in fine-grained structures. Intrusive rocks, like granite, form when magma cools slowly beneath the Earth's surface, allowing large grains to form.

5. How does the rock cycle concept connect all three rock types?

The rock cycle describes the continuous transformation of rocks. Molten magma cools to form igneous rocks. These rocks can weather into sediments, which form sedimentary rocks. When subjected to heat and pressure, both igneous and sedimentary rocks can transform into metamorphic rocks. If any rock melts, it becomes magma again, restarting the cycle.

6. Why are igneous rocks referred to as 'primary rocks' in the chapter summary?

Igneous rocks are called primary rocks because they are the first rocks formed directly from the cooling of molten material (magma or lava). All other rock types, sedimentary and metamorphic, are formed from the alteration, breakdown, or transformation of these original igneous rocks, making them secondary in origin.

7. How can a sedimentary rock like limestone eventually become molten magma again?

The transformation involves multiple steps in the rock cycle. First, limestone (a sedimentary rock) can get buried deep beneath other layers. The immense heat and pressure will change it into marble (a metamorphic rock). If the temperature and pressure increase even further, the marble will eventually melt and turn back into molten magma, ready to start the cycle anew.

8. If the Earth's inner core is the hottest layer, why is it solid and not liquid?

Despite the extreme temperatures, the inner core remains solid due to the immense pressure exerted by all the overlying layers. This incredible pressure is so high that it forces the atoms of iron and nickel to pack tightly together, preventing them from entering a liquid state and keeping the inner core solid.

9. What are the key practical uses of rocks and minerals to remember for revision?

For revision, remember these key uses:

Construction: Hard rocks like granite and sandstone are used for building roads, houses, and bridges.
Industry: Limestone is a key ingredient for making cement.
Fuels: Minerals like coal, natural gas, and petroleum are vital energy sources.
Everyday Items: Many minerals are used to make things like fertilisers, medicines, and even chalk.

10. Why is the Earth's crust, the thinnest layer, considered the most significant for a chapter summary on 'Inside Our Earth'?

While it is the thinnest layer, the crust is the most significant because it is the only layer that directly supports all life and ecosystems. It contains our continents and oceans, holds all the minerals and soils necessary for civilisation and agriculture, and is the surface upon which all geological processes like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions have a direct impact on us.