The Making of a Global World Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 3 CBSE Notes - 2025-26

First World War

Over 30 nations declared this war between 1914 and 1918. The majority were on the side of the Allies, including Serbia, Russia, France, Britain, Italy and the United States. They were opposed by rivals Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the erstwhile Ottoman Empire, who together called the Central Powers.

Silk Routes

It was one of the most important routes that linked distant places across the world in ancient times. These routes existed before the Christian Era and thrived to their peak until the 15th century. These routes were a great example of booming pre-modern trade & the growing cultural relationships between distant places across the world. Religious Preachers across different faiths ranging from Buddhism, and Christianity to Islam had traveled through these routes.

These silk routes were a great source of trade and culture. Historians have identified several of these silk routes In today’s time. These routes are both the land and sea links which were used for trading or exchanging crucial goods like textiles & various precious metals.

Conquest, Trade, and Disease:

1. Conquest between the Portuguese and Spanish and the colonisation of America was underway during this time. 

2. The most deadly weapon Spanish conquerors used was called smallpox germs.

3. American original Inhabitants had almost zero immunity against such diseases.

4. America's discovery- the vast fertile lands, minerals, & crops paved the way for a global change in that time. 

5. Silver and various other precious metal mines located in Mexico and Peru boosted Europe's wealth & funded trade with Asian countries.

6. The Indian subcontinent also played a key role in the trade network. It was known for trading knowledge, goods, customs, and so on.

Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato

Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato explores the journey of these two staple foods from their origins to becoming global favourites. Spaghetti, originally from Italy, and potatoes, native to the Americas, have travelled across continents and integrated into various cuisines around the world. This journey highlights how food can transcend geographical and cultural boundaries, influencing and being influenced by different culinary traditions. The spread of these foods reflects broader trends in global trade and cultural exchange, showing how local ingredients can become global staples.

Nineteenth Century

1. In the nineteenth century, the sudden population boom in Great Britain led to an increase in the demand for food grains.

2. Food which was imported into Britain was cheaper than indigenous produce.

3. The corn laws also led to the imposition of restrictions on the import of corn. British agriculture couldn’t compete with imports, and huge areas of land were left uncultivated.

4. Rapid industrial growth in Britain's shortage of food also led to additional food imports.

5. Food was then transported via ships and railways.

6. Other items such as rubber, cotton, and coal were also part of the import trade too.

Late Nineteenth Century

This part of The Making of a Global World describes the dark side of globalisation.

• The traders who settled in various parts of the world started ruling those regions and exploited the people and resources.

• The Europeans used harsh tactics like heavy taxes and strict inheritance laws in Africa. This left the Africans with no choice but to work for the Europeans as labourers.

• Many people from India went to the Caribbean Islands, Mauritius and Fiji as indentured labourers.

• As the Industrial Revolution happened in England, the exports of India stopped and imported cheap products from Britain. The import of raw materials increased, emptying the riches that India had.

Role of Technology

1. Significant technological inventions of the 19th- century were called telegraph, railways, and steamships.

2. After the invention of refrigerated ships, animals were butchered and then shipped to Europe in the form of frozen meat.

3. It affects industries, education, healthcare, and daily activities by introducing new tools and methods that increase efficiency and productivity. 

4. From innovations in transportation to breakthroughs in digital communication, technology continually transforms how people work, interact, and solve problems, ultimately shaping the modern world and its future.

Rinderpest

1. Rinderpest is the deadly and rapidly spreading cattle plague which drastically affected Africa in the 1880s.

2. It was carried by an infected cattle which was imported from British Asia.

Indentured Labor Migration from India

1. Indentured labour in the real sense referred to a bonded labourer who was under a strict contract to work for a particular employer.

2. Indian indentured labourers were normally recruited to work in Guyana, Surinam, Fiji, Mauritius, and the other Caribbean islands.

3. Recruitment was done by deceiving them.

4. On arrival, Laborers found out about the actual harsh working conditions.

5. This new form of slavery was abolished in the year 1921.

Inter-War Economic

1. Europe was the real epicentre of the First World War.

2. The world also experienced economic hardships and political instability, & these hardships and economic instabilities were met with the other instabilities which were caused by the Second World War.

3. The First World War also led to the mass production of tanks, machine guns, chemical weapons, and aircraft.

4. Men of the working age were recruited as soldiers from all across the globe.

Post-War Settlement

• The Post-War Settlement refers to the agreements and treaties made to deal with the aftermath of World War I and World War II. 

• Following World War I, the Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy penalties on Germany, which led to economic struggles and political instability in Europe. 

• The League of Nations was formed to prevent future conflicts but did not succeed. After World War II, the United Nations was established to promote global peace, and the Cold War started between the US and the Soviet Union. 

• This period also saw many colonies becoming independent. These developments had a significant effect on global politics, economics, and international relations.

• To secure a further stable economy, a framework was decided by the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, which was held at Bretton Woods located in New Hampshire, US.

• The World Bank and International Monetary Fund(IMF) were established here. 

• The World Bank or the International Bank for Reconstruction & Development was established for the post-war era reconstruction.

• The IMF was also founded to handle external surpluses and the deficits of the member nations.

• IMF and World Bank were famously called Bretton Twins, and they commenced their operations in the year 1957.

• The system was as per the fixed exchange rates.

Wartime Transformations

• Wartime Transformations refer to the significant changes that occur in societies during and after major conflicts. During wartime, nations often experience shifts in their economies, politics, and social structures. 

• For instance, wars can lead to increased industrial production, changes in government policies, and shifts in social roles as people mobilise for the war effort. 

• After the conflict, these changes can reshape societies, as seen with new political boundaries, economic adjustments, and social reforms. These transformations can have lasting effects on a country's development and its position in the world.

Great Depression Globally

1. It was in the period b/w 1929 to mid-1930s.

2. There was a huge global decline in employment, production, trade, &  income.

3. The agricultural sector was also adversely affected as well as the prices. 

Agricultural Overproduction Also had Severe Consequences.

1. Out of the combination of many factors which led to the great depression, agricultural overproduction & the disintegration of the US banking system were two of them.

2. Withdrawal of US loans also affected multiple countries in a real sense. 

3. The US banking system further collapsed during this period, and many banks went bankrupt here In India. 

4. The Indian subcontinent was also drastically affected as well during that time.

5. Rates of Indian exports and imports extensively declined as prices almost fell.

6. Bengal jute cultivators were the most affected community here.

7. A shift of population from village to town and cities was being observed as people migrated to the growing city-side.

Decolonisation and Independence

1. Most countries in the Asian & African continents became independent at the time. 

2. NAM &  the UNO supported their independence.

3. Developing Countries also coordinated themselves into a

4. G-77 group to demand an NIEO or New International Economic Order.

5. NIEO was a new system which gave the member countries complete control of their raw materials, national resources, &  indigenously produced goods.

Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad

• Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad refers to the Indian businesspeople who have started and grown successful companies outside of India. 

• These entrepreneurs often take advantage of global opportunities, leveraging their skills, resources, and innovation to establish businesses in various countries. 

• Their success can influence international markets, contribute to economic growth in their new locations, and create a positive image of Indian business talent globally. 

• These entrepreneurs help expand India’s economic footprint by introducing their products and services to new regions, fostering cross-cultural business relationships, and driving global trade.

Food Too Saw New Places

Just like with the movement of people to new places, cultures and customs reached various new regions. Food too travelled to many places. The traders, priests or invaders brought with them the crops of their land to the places they went. The History Class 10 Chapter 3 notes even mention that ready-to-eat food such as noodles travelled to other parts of the world.

Land up for Grabs

As the transportation system improved, the desire of the people to find new places increased manifold. People also looked for more buyers to sell their products. Before the Nineteenth century, the Indian Ocean acted as an important sea route. The Indian subcontinent used this route for trade.

After Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492, Spain and Portugal took the same route with colonisation in mind. This was not just limited to the region of today's United States. Other North American regions like Mexico and South American regions like Peru got the attention of these conquerors.

The Portuguese brought with them diseases that were unknown in the region of America till then. So, they did not have to wield guns or fight with swords to kill the natives, the diseases did most of the dirty work! Before the Nineteenth century, European cities were not so well while Asian countries like India or China were quite wealthy.

5 Important Topics of Class 10 History Chapter 3 

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