Important Questions and Answers for Class 11 Economics Chapter 8 Use of Statistical Tools 2025-26

Q1. Which of the following is the first step in designing a statistical project?

• (a) Data analysis
• (b) Identifying a problem or area of study
• (c) Organising data
• (d) Preparing bibliography

Answer: (b) Identifying a problem or area of study. This lays the foundation for the rest of the project steps.

Q2. The most suitable source of primary data is:

• (a) Published articles
• (b) Questionnaire or interviews
• (c) Magazines
• (d) Research reports

Answer: (b) Questionnaire or interviews. Primary data is collected first-hand, often via surveys or interviews.

Q3. Which measure helps you calculate the ‘average’ in data analysis?

• (a) Correlation
• (b) Dispersion
• (c) Measure of Central Tendency
• (d) Frequency Distribution

Answer: (c) Measure of Central Tendency. It signifies the typical value around which data clusters, like mean or median.

Q4. Which diagram is most suitable for presenting categorical data?

• (a) Pie diagram
• (b) Scatter plot
• (c) Ogive
• (d) Histogram

Answer: (a) Pie diagram. Pie charts effectively represent proportionate data among categories.

2. Very Short Answer (VSA).

Q1. What is meant by primary data?

Answer: Primary data refers to data collected firsthand by the investigator for a specific purpose using methods like surveys or interviews.

Q2. Give one example of secondary data.

Answer: Data published in newspapers or government reports is an example of secondary data, as it is already collected and available.

Q3. What is tabulation?

Answer: Tabulation means arranging data systematically in rows and columns for easier understanding and analysis.

Q4. Define a ‘target group’ in statistical surveys.

Answer: A target group is the particular set of individuals or entities chosen for data collection based on the survey’s objective.

3. Short Answer Questions.

Q1. State the main difference between a census and a sample survey.

Answer: A census collects data from the entire population, giving complete coverage, while a sample survey gathers data from a selected subset, saving time and resources but providing estimates rather than exact figures.

Q2. Discuss the importance of statistical tools in project analysis.

Answer: Statistical tools help analyse and interpret data, converting raw information into meaningful insights. They assist in identifying patterns, calculating averages and variability, and making informed decisions based on the data trends and relationships observed.

Q3. Why is the choice of a target group important in a project survey?

Answer: Selecting the target group ensures relevant and accurate data is collected. It determines the survey’s approach, type of questions, and influences the validity and applicability of conclusions drawn from the analysis.

4. Long Answer Questions.

Q1. Explain in detail the steps involved in developing a statistical project, as per the chapter.

Answer: Developing a statistical project involves several systematic steps to ensure reliable and meaningful analysis. First, a clear problem or area of study is identified. Next, the appropriate target group is chosen to gather relevant data. Data is then collected through primary or secondary sources, organised and presented using tables and diagrams. The organised data is analysed using statistical tools, followed by interpreting the findings to draw conclusions and suggest improvements or solutions. Finally, a bibliography is prepared to acknowledge sources.

1. Identifying problem/area of study
2. Selecting target group
3. Data collection (primary/secondary)
4. Organising & presenting data
5. Data analysis & interpretation
6. Conclusion and bibliography

Q2. How does the use of diagrams (like bar diagrams and pie charts) help in statistical analysis? Illustrate with reference to the toothpaste survey in the chapter.

Answer: Diagrams such as bar charts and pie charts convert numerical data into visual formats, enhancing clarity and ease of comparison. For example, in the toothpaste survey, a bar diagram shows the distribution of family sizes and age groups, while the pie diagram illustrates preferences for ingredients. These visuals make data patterns more accessible, support quick interpretation, and are helpful for presentations.

1. Select suitable diagram for data type (bar/pie).
2. Organise data (e.g., family size, preferences).
3. Draw diagram to present and compare values.
4. Interpret patterns or trends visually.

5. Assertion–Reason type questions.

Assertion (A): Statistical analysis is incomplete without interpretation.
Reason (R): Data interpretation helps in drawing meaningful conclusions from processed data.

• (a) A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
• (b) A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
• (c) A is true, but R is false
• (d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: (a) Both statements are true, and the reason correctly explains why interpretation is necessary in statistical analysis.

Assertion (A): Secondary data is always more accurate than primary data.
Reason (R): Secondary data is collected by professional agencies.

• (a) A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
• (b) A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
• (c) A is true, but R is false
• (d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: (d) A is false; R is true. Secondary data can have errors or bias, despite often being collected by professional agencies.

6. Case-based questions.

A student team is conducting a survey on preferred modes of transport among households in their locality. They develop a questionnaire, choose 50 families, and create tables and bar diagrams to present their findings. They wish to interpret which mode is most chosen and why.

(i) Which step did the team complete after collecting data?

Answer: They organised and presented the data using tables and diagrams.

(ii) What type of diagram is best for displaying the number of families choosing each mode of transport?

Answer: Bar diagram; it clearly compares quantities across categories.

(iii) Why should the survey have a clearly identified target group?

Answer: So the findings are relevant and representative, ensuring valid conclusions.

(iv) After presenting data, which step will help in understanding why certain modes are preferred?

Answer: Analysis and interpretation of the collected data.

(v) If data shows 60% prefer bicycles, what can the team suggest?

Answer: They can recommend improving cycling infrastructure to support the majority preference.

7. Match the following.

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