Important Questions and Answers for Class 11 Economics Chapter 3 Organisation of Data 2025-26

1. Multiple choice questions.

1. The ‘class mark’ of a class interval is calculated as:

• (a) The sum of upper and lower class limits
• (b) The average of the upper and lower class limits
• (c) The difference of the upper and lower class limits
• (d) None of these

Answer: (b) The average of the upper and lower class limits. The class mark is found by adding both limits and dividing by 2.

2. Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?

• (a) Number of books
• (b) Age in years
• (c) Height of a student
• (d) Number on a dice

Answer: (c) Height of a student. Height can take all fractional values within a range, making it continuous.

3. In exclusive method of classification:

• (a) Both limits are included in the class
• (b) Upper class limit is excluded
• (c) Lower class limit is excluded
• (d) Both limits are excluded

Answer: (b) Upper class limit is excluded. In exclusive method, the upper limit is not included in that class interval.

2. Very Short Answer (VSA).

1. What is meant by ‘raw data’?

Answer: Raw data refers to unclassified and unorganized data collected directly from a source, which has not been summarized or processed for analysis.

2. Define a discrete variable.

Answer: A discrete variable is a variable that can take only specific, separate values within a given range, usually whole numbers with no intermediate values.

3. What is a frequency distribution?

Answer: A frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement of data showing how often each value or group of values (class) occurs in the data set.

3. Short Answer Questions.

1. Explain the need for classifying data before analysis.

Answer: Classification is necessary because raw data is often large and unordered, making it difficult to interpret. By organizing data into classes or groups, we bring order and facilitate comparison, analysis, and decision-making processes in statistics.

2. What is the difference between inclusive and exclusive methods of classification? Give one example of each.

Answer: In the inclusive method, both lower and upper class limits belong to the same class (e.g., 0–10, 11–20). In the exclusive method, the upper class limit is excluded from the class (e.g., 0–10, 10–20), making intervals mutually exclusive.

3. List two differences between quantitative and qualitative classification of data.

Answer: Quantitative classification groups data based on measurable variables like marks or income, whereas qualitative classification groups based on attributes like gender or marital status. Quantitative deals with numbers, qualitative with categories.

4. Long Answer Questions.

1. Describe the process of constructing a frequency distribution table from raw data with suitable examples.

Answer: Constructing a frequency distribution from raw data involves several steps. First, decide the number and size of classes. Next, determine class intervals and boundaries, considering whether to use inclusive or exclusive classes. Then, tally each data point into the correct class and count frequencies. Finally, present the data in a table, showing class intervals and respective frequencies.

1. Arrange data and decide range.
2. Choose number of classes and class width.
3. Create tally marks for each observation.
4. Summarize in a table displaying class intervals and frequencies.

2. With the help of examples, explain the concepts of univariate and bivariate frequency distributions and their uses.

Answer: A univariate frequency distribution classifies data according to a single variable, such as marks of students. Bivariate frequency distribution involves two variables simultaneously, such as scores in mathematics and science, or sales and advertising expenditure. Univariate distributions help analyze the spread and central tendency of one variable while bivariate distributions enable analysis of the relationship between two variables.

1. Tabulate data for one variable (univariate) or two variables (bivariate).
2. Use univariate form for single attribute analysis, bivariate for comparisons or correlations.

5. Assertion–Reason type questions.

Assertion (A): Classification of data is necessary for statistical analysis.
Reason (R): Grouping data helps in drawing meaningful conclusions and makes calculations easier.

• (a) A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
• (b) A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
• (c) A is true, but R is false
• (d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: (a) A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. Classification organises data, simplifying analysis and conclusions.

5. Assertion–Reason type questions.

Assertion (A): In exclusive method, the lower class limit is included, but the upper class limit is not.
Reason (R): Exclusive method is used only for qualitative data.

• (a) A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
• (b) A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
• (c) A is true, but R is false
• (d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false. Exclusive method is mostly used for quantitative data, not qualitative.

6. Case-based questions.

A school collected the monthly pocket money data of 30 students. Their values varied widely, with some getting below ₹500 and a few above ₹2000. The teacher wanted to summarise this information using a frequency distribution, selecting class intervals of equal width.

(i) Why is it useful to classify this data before statistical analysis?

Answer: Classification organises varied pocket money data into meaningful groups, enabling easier analysis and interpretation.

(ii) What is the purpose of choosing equal-width class intervals?

Answer: Equal-width class intervals ensure uniformity, making comparisons and further calculations straightforward.

(iii) If one class interval is ₹0–₹500, what will be the class mark?

Answer: The class mark is (0 + 500) / 2 = ₹250.

7. Match the following.

8. Numericals / Derivations.

1. Using Table 3.2, calculate the range of monthly household expenditure on food for the 50 households.

Answer: The range is the difference between the largest and the smallest expenditure value.

1. Identify maximum expenditure: ₹5090
2. Identify minimum expenditure: ₹1007
3. Apply formula: Range = Max – Min
4. Range = ₹5090 – ₹1007 = ₹4083

Benefits of Data Organisation in Statistics for Economics

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