NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics – Chapter-wise Solutions with PDF Download

Chapter 1- Electric Charges and Fields:

In this chapter, students will get to learn about the electric fields, charges and their functional areas. From this chapter, questions can be asked from topics such as the calculation of force between two particles at a distance. Students will also learn why a charge appears when two materials like glass rod and silk cloth are rubbed against each other and how to calculate the dipole moment as well as the total charge of a system with an electric field and torque.  The chapter gives insight into Coulomb’s law force between two-point charges, Forces between multiple charges, Conservation of charge, Superposition principle and continuous charge distribution, Electric field lines, Electric field due to a point charge, Electric dipole, Electric flux, and Statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications.

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 1- Electric Charges and Fields to crack your exams.

• Coulomb's Law: $F = k_e \dfrac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2}$

• Electric Field due to a Point Charge: $E = k_e \dfrac{q}{r^2}$

• Electric Field due to a Continuous Charge Distribution: $E = \dfrac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \int \dfrac{dq}{r^2}$

• Electric Potential Energy of a System of Two Point Charges: $U = k_e \dfrac{q_1 q_2}{r}$

• Electric Potential due to a Point Charge: $V = k_e \dfrac{q}{r}$

• Electric Field due to an Infinite Line Charge: $E = \dfrac{\lambda}{2 \pi \epsilon_0 r}$

• Electric Field due to an Infinite Plane Sheet of Charge: $E = \dfrac{\sigma}{2 \epsilon_0}$

• Electric Field Between Two Oppositely Charged Parallel Plates: $E = \dfrac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0}$

Students can access extra study materials on Electric Charges and Fields, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields Important Questions

• Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields Revision Notes

• Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields NCERT Exemplar Solutions

• Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields Important Formulas

Chapter 2 - Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

We will learn about the potential difference and the development of electrostatic potential. Topics in this chapter include electric potential, Potential difference, Equipotential surfaces, A dipole and system of charges, Dielectrics and electric polarisation, Capacitors and capacitance, Energy stored in a capacitor, and Combination of capacitors in series and in parallel. This chapter also includes a basic explanation of the concepts of potentiometers and metre bridges. At the end of the chapter, there are several numerical problems and questions given based on the above-mentioned concepts.

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 2- Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance to crack your exams.

• Electric Potential due to a Point Charge: $V = k_e \dfrac{q}{r}$

• Electric Potential due to a System of Point Charges: $V = k_e \sum_i \dfrac{q_i}{r_i}$

• Potential Energy of a Charge in an External Field: $U = qV$

• The capacitance of a Capacitor: $C = \dfrac{Q}{V}$

• Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor (without dielectric): $C = \dfrac{\epsilon_0 A}{d}$

• Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor (with dielectric): $C = \dfrac{\kappa \epsilon_0 A}{d}$

• Energy Stored in a Capacitor: $U = \dfrac{1}{2} C V^2$

• Work Done in Moving a Charge in an Electric Field: $W = q(V_f - V_i)$

Students can access extra study materials on  Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Important Questions

• Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Revision Notes

• Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Important Formulas

• Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance NCERT Exemplar Solutions

Chapter 3 - Current Electricity

This Chapter gives definitions of keywords such as resistance, Electric current, drift velocity, internal resistance, conductance, Ohm’s law, cell EMF, and resistivity in this chapter. Also learn about resistivity graphs for semiconductors, alloys, and metals. This will give you the concept of converting complex circuits into parallel circuits and simple series and also Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. This chapter also includes a basic explanation of the concepts of potentiometers, Wheatstone bridge,s and metre bridges. At the end of the chapter, there are several numerical problems and questions given based on the above-mentioned concepts.

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 3 - Current Electricity to crack your exams.

• Ohm's Law: $V = IR$

• Resistance: $R = \dfrac{\rho L}{A}$

• Resistances in Series: $R_{\text{eq}} = R_1 + R_2 + \cdots + R_n$

• Resistances in Parallel: $\dfrac{1}{R_{\text{eq}}} = \dfrac{1}{R_1} + \dfrac{1}{R_2} + \cdots + \dfrac{1}{R_n}$

• Current Density: $J = \dfrac{I}{A}$

• Kirchhoff's First Law (Junction Rule): $\sum I_{\text{in}} = \sum I_{\text{out}}$

• Power Dissipated in a Resistor: $P = I^2 R = V^2 / R = IV$

• Conductivity: $\sigma = \dfrac{1}{\rho}$

• Temperature Dependence of Resistivity: $\rho(T) = \rho_0 [1 + \alpha (T - T_0)]$

Students can access extra study materials on  Current Electricity, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 3: Current Electricity Revision Notes

• Chapter 3: Current Electricity Important Questions

• Chapter 3: Current Electricity NCERT Exemplar Solutions

• Chapter 3: Current Electricity Important Formulas

Chapter 4 -  Moving Charges and Magnetism

In this chapter, students will go through several diagrams, examples, graphs, and illustrations from everyday life. This will help them retain information for a longer time. This chapter also includes the Concept of the magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment, Ampere’s law and its applications, Biot – Savart law and its application, the Definition of ampere, Moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity, and Galvanometer as an ammeter and voltmeter. At the end of the chapter, there are numerous problems and questions given based on these concepts. 

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter  4 - Moving Charges and Magnetism to crack your exams.

• Magnetic Field at the Center of a Circular Loop: $B = \dfrac{\mu_0 I}{2R}$

• Torque on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field: $\mathbf{\tau} = \mathbf{m} \times \mathbf{B}$

• Potential Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field: $U = -\mathbf{m} \cdot \mathbf{B}$

• Force between Two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors: $F = \dfrac{\mu_0 I_1 I_2 L}{2 \pi d}$

• Cyclotron Frequency: $f = \dfrac{qB}{2\pi m}$

• Radius of the Path of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field: $r = \dfrac{mv}{qB}$

Students can access extra study materials on Moving Charges and Magnetism, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism Important Questions

• Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism Revision Notes

• Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism NCERT Exemplar Solutions

• Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism Important Formulas

Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter

In Chapter 5, students will find questions on magnetic field lines, earth’s magnetism, and compass direction. This chapter includes the Current loop as a magnetic dipole - Magnetic dipole movement, Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements, The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, and Magnetic field lines.

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter to crack your exams.

• Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Current Loop: $\mathbf{m} = I \mathbf{A}$

• Torque on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field: $\mathbf{\tau} = \mathbf{m} \times \mathbf{B}$

• Potential Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field: $U = -\mathbf{m} \cdot \mathbf{B}$

• Magnetic Field due to a Magnetic Dipole (at Axial Point): $B_{\text{axial}} = \dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \dfrac{2m}{r^3}$

• Magnetic Susceptibility: $\chi_m = \dfrac{M}{H}$

• Magnetization: $M = \chi_m H$

Students can access extra study materials on Magnetism and Matter, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter Important Questions

• Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter Revision Notes

• Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter NCERT Exemplar Solutions

• Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter Important Formulas

Chapter 6 - Electromagnetic Induction 

In Chapter 6, the concepts of magnetism and electricity are explained in correlation to each other. Some of the most important concepts in this chapter are Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s laws, Lenz’s Law, Peak, and RMS values of alternating current/voltage, Eddy currents, Induced EMF and current, and Self and mutual induction. Keep in mind the magnetic field and the direction of induced EMF in mind while solving these questions.

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 6 - Electromagnetic Induction to crack your exams.

• Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction: $\mathcal{E} = -\dfrac{d\Phi_B}{dt}$

• Lenz's Law: The direction of the induced EMF and current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it. $\mathcal{E} = -\dfrac{d\Phi_B}{dt}$

• Magnetic Flux: $\Phi_B = \mathbf{B} \cdot \mathbf{A} = B A \cos \theta$

• Energy Stored in an Inductor: $U = \dfrac{1}{2} L I^2$

Students can access extra study materials on Electromagnetic Induction, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction Important Questions

• Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction Revision Notes

• Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction NCERT Exemplar Solutions

• Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction Important Formulas

Chapter 7 - Alternating Current

This chapter is comparatively smaller than other ones, teaching about AC voltage, series LCR circuits, powers and properties of AC circuits, inductors, transformers, LC oscillations, etc. In this chapter, students will learn about concepts such as Alternating currents, Power in, AC circuits: The power factor, Resonance, reactance, and impedance, LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, and AC generator and transformer.

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 7- Alternating Current to crack your exams.

• Alternating Current (AC) Voltage: $v(t) = V_0 \sin(\omega t + \phi)$

• Root Mean Square (RMS) Value of AC Voltage: $V_{\text{rms}} = \dfrac{V_0}{\sqrt{2}}$

• Root Mean Square (RMS) Value of AC Current: $I_{\text{rms}} = \dfrac{I_0}{\sqrt{2}}$

• Impedance in an RLC Circuit: $Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L - X_C)^2}$

• Phase Angle in an RLC Circuit: $\tan \phi = \dfrac{X_L - X_C}{R}$

Students can access extra study materials on Alternating Current, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 7: Alternating Current Class 12 Important Questions

• Chapter 7: Alternating Current Class 12 Revision Notes

• Chapter 7: Alternating Current  Class 12 NCERT Exemplar Solutions

• Chapter 7: Alternating Current  Class 12 Important Formulas

Chapter 8 - Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are also based on the topic of magnetism, and your previous understanding will assist you in mastering this chapter.  In this chapter, students will learn in detail about concepts such as electromagnetism, capacitors, potential difference, and displacement. Other key concepts in this chapter include Kirchhoff’s rules, the RMS value of conduction current as well as the similarities between conduction current and displacement current.

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 8 - Electromagnetic Waves to crack your exams.

• Speed of Electromagnetic Waves: $c = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_0 \epsilon_0}}$

• Relation Between Electric Field (E) and Magnetic Field (B) in an Electromagnetic Wave: $E = cB$

• Energy Density of an Electromagnetic Wave: $u = \dfrac{1}{2} \epsilon_0 E^2 + \dfrac{1}{2} \dfrac{B^2}{\mu_0}$

Students can access extra study materials on Electromagnetic Waves, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves Class 12 Important Questions

• Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves Class 12 Revision Notes

• Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves Class 12 NCERT Exemplar Solutions

• Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves Class 12 Important Formulas

 Chapter 9 - Optics and Optical Instruments

This chapter deals with the concepts of reflection and refraction as well as the dispersion of light with the help of ray pictures. This chapter thoroughly explains image generation using the laws of refraction and reflection. The construction as well as the working of several optical instruments, including the human eye, is also addressed in this chapter. 

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 9 - Optics and Optical Instruments to crack your exams.

• Snell's Law: $n_1 \sin \theta_1 = n_2 \sin \theta_2$

• Lens Maker's Formula: $\dfrac{1}{f} = (n-1) \left( \dfrac{1}{R_1} - \dfrac{1}{R_2} \right)$

• Mirror Equation: $\dfrac{1}{f} = \dfrac{1}{v} + \dfrac{1}{u}$

• Magnification for Mirrors and Lenses: $m = \dfrac{h'}{h} = \dfrac{v}{u}$

• Power of a Lens: $P = \dfrac{1}{f}$

• Critical Angle: $\sin \theta_c = \dfrac{1}{n}$

• Lens Formula: $\dfrac{1}{f} = \dfrac{1}{v} - \dfrac{1}{u}$

Students can access extra study materials on Optics and Optical Instruments, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Important Questions

• Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Revision Notes

• Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments NCERT Exemplar Solutions

• Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Important Formulas

Chapter 10 - Wave Optics

In chapter 10, the most important concept is Huygen’s laws of reflection and refraction. This topic has the highest weightage of marks from this chapter. Other concepts in this chapter include Brewster’s Law, Doppler Effect, and angular width expression, Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, the width of central maximum, diffraction due to a single slit, Coherent sources and sustained interference of light, and Interference and polarization. 

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 10 - Wave Optics to crack your exams.

Young's Double Slit Experiment (YDSE):

• Path Difference: $\Delta x = d \sin \theta$

• Condition for Constructive Interference (Bright Fringes): $\Delta x = n \lambda$

• Condition for Destructive Interference (Dark Fringes): $\Delta x = \left( n + \dfrac{1}{2} \right) \lambda$

• Fringe Width: $\beta = \dfrac{\lambda D}{d}$

• Condition for Minima: $a \sin \theta = n \lambda$

• Intensity of Interference Fringes: $I = I_1 + I_2 + 2\sqrt{I_1 I_2} \cos \phi$

Students can access extra study materials on Wave Optics, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 10: Wave Optics Important Questions

• Chapter 10: Wave Optics Class 12 Revision Notes

• Chapter 10: Wave Optics NCERT Exemplar Solutions

• Chapter 10: Wave Optics Important Formulas

Chapter 11 - Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

In this Chapter, you will get to know whether radiation is similar to a particle, wave or both in property and appearance. In addition, it also consists of concepts like photoelectric effects, Wave theory, Wave nature, etc. Important topics such as Einstein’s Photoelectric equation, electron emission, Dual nature of radiation, De-Broglie relation, Hertz and Lenard’s observations, Davisson and Germer experiment, Matter waves-wave nature of particles, the wave aspect of matter and experimental effect are discussed in this chapter.

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 11 - Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter  to crack your exams.

• Photoelectric Equation: $K_{\text{max}} = h\nu - \phi$

• De Broglie Wavelength: $\lambda = \dfrac{h}{p} = \dfrac{h}{mv}$

• Einstein's Photoelectric Equation: $E = h\nu$

• Threshold Frequency: $\nu_0 = \dfrac{\phi}{h}$

• Stopping Potential: $eV_0 = K_{\text{max}}$

• Momentum of a Photon: $p = \dfrac{E}{c} = \dfrac{h\nu}{c} = \dfrac{h}{\lambda}$

Students can access extra study materials on Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Important Formulas

• Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Revision Notes

• Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter NCERT Exemplar Solutions

• Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Important Questions

Chapter 12 - Atoms

In chapter 12, one of the most important concepts is the Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom. This chapter includes the Bohr model, Rutherford’s model of atom, Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Atomic spectra, The line spectra of the hydrogen atom, and De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 12 -Atoms  to crack your exams.

• Frequency of Radiation Emitted or Absorbed (Bohr's Frequency Condition): $h\nu = E_i - E_f$

• Wavelength of Emitted or Absorbed Light (Rydberg Formula): $\dfrac{1}{\lambda} = R \left( \dfrac{1}{n_1^2} - \dfrac{1}{n_2^2} \right)$

Students can access extra study materials on Atoms, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 12: Atoms Important Questions

• Chapter 12: Atoms Revision Notes

• Chapter 12: Atoms NCERT Exemplar Solutions

• Chapter 12: Atoms Important Formulas

Chapter 13 -Nuclei

Chapter 13 discusses concepts such as nucleus composition, mass-energy, nuclear force, nuclear energy, Fission, nuclear reactor, atomic masses, nucleus size, nuclear binding energy, and radioactivity. 

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 13 - Nuclei to crack your exams.

• Mass-Energy Equivalence: $E = mc^2$

• Radioactive Decay Law: $N(t) = N_0 e^{-\lambda t}$

• Mean Life: $\tau = \dfrac{1}{\lambda}$

• Activity (Rate of Decay): $A = \lambda N$

• Binding Energy per Nucleon: $E_{\text{bn}} = \dfrac{E_b}{A}$

• Mass Defect: $\Delta m = \left( Z m_p + N m_n \right) - m_{\text{nucleus}}$

Students can access extra study materials on Nuclei, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 13: Nuclei Important Questions

• Chapter 13: Nuclei Revision Notes

• Chapter 13: Nuclei NCERT Exemplar Solutions

• Chapter 13: Nuclei Important Formulas

Chapter 14  - Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

This is one of the highest-scoring chapters in Class 12 exams. Most questions from this chapter will be based on the concepts of Semiconductor diodes mainly n-type semiconductors, dopants, and carriers. True or false type questions about topics including germanium, carbon, and silicon semiconductors may also be asked from this chapter in the exam. Students should learn how to determine the output frequency of a half-wave as well as a full-wave rectifier thoroughly, as questions will be asked on this topic. This chapter contains topics of Classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors, Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Special purpose p-n junction diodes: Zener diode, Photodiode, LED, Solar cell, and Digital Electronics, and logic gates.

Class 12 NCERT solutions help the students to go through the formulas easily. Here find the Important formulas of Chapter 14  - Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits to crack your exams.

• Ohm's Law for Semiconductor: $V = IR$

• Resistance of a Semiconductor: $R = \dfrac{\rho L}{A}$

• Conductivity: $\sigma = \dfrac{1}{\rho} = nq\mu$

• Intrinsic Carrier Concentration: $n_i = \sqrt{N_c N_v} e^{-\dfrac{E_g}{2kT}}$

• Total Current in a Semiconductor: $I = I_n + I_p = nq \mu_n E + pq \mu_p E$

Students can access extra study materials on Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices, and Simple Circuits, These resources are available for download, offering additional support for your studies.

• Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics Important Questions

• Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics Revision Notes

• Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics NCERT Exemplar Solutions

Class 12 Physics Exam: Marks Weightage

Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has given a complete syllabus for the academic year 2026-27. CBSE has made this alteration to provide deep knowledge about all the topics of the syllabus. The below table gives you the complete weightage of each topic in detail.

CBSE Physics Class 12 Syllabus and Weightage

Chapter Wise Solutions Class 12 Physics – Why the Order Matters?

Physics in Class 12 is not a collection of independent topics. Electrostatics builds into Current Electricity. Current Electricity connects to Magnetism. Electromagnetic Induction follows from both. Working through class 12 physics chapter wise solutions in syllabus order means each chapter builds on the one before it, and gaps do not accumulate silently until they surface during revision.

Each chapter page here opens with a formula summary and key concepts before the solutions begin. This means students can refresh the theory for a chapter in two minutes before checking a specific numerical rather than flipping back through pages of notes.

High Priority Chapters in Class 12 Physics NCERT Solutions

• Not all chapters carry equal weight in the board exam. Electrostatics, Current Electricity and Electromagnetic Induction together account for a significant portion of the theory marks. 

• Ray Optics and Wave Optics combined make Optics the second major scoring unit. Modern Physics covering Dual Nature of Radiation, Atoms and Nuclei is consistently represented in both short and long answer sections.

• Semiconductor Electronics and Communication Systems are shorter chapters but reliably appear in the exam and are among the fastest chapters to complete. 

• The NCERT physics class 12 solutions PDF downloads here make that possible chapter by chapter, at whatever pace the student's preparation schedule allows.

Related Links for NCERT Class 12 Physics in Hindi

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Chapter-Specific NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics

Given below are the chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics. Go through these chapter-wise solutions to be thoroughly familiar with the concepts.