NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Geography Chapter 11 World Climate and Climate Change - 2025-26

1. Multiple Choice Questions.

i. Which one of the following is suitable for Koeppen’s “A” type of climate?

• (a) High rainfall in all the months
• (b) Mean monthly temperature of the coldest month more than freezing point
• (c) Mean monthly temperature of all the months more than 18°C
• (d) Average temperature for all the months below 10°C

Answer: (c) Mean monthly temperature of all the months more than 18°C.

ii. Koeppen’s system of classification of climates can be termed as:

• (a) Applied
• (b) Systematic
• (c) Genetic
• (d) Empirical

Answer: (d) Empirical.

iii. Most of the Indian Peninsula will be grouped according to Koeppen’s system under:

• (a) Af
• (b) BSh
• (c) Cfb
• (d) Am

Answer: (d) Am.

iv. Which one of the following years is supposed to have recorded the warmest temperature the world over?

• (a) 1990
• (b) 1998
• (c) 1885
• (d) 1950

Answer: (b) 1998.

v. Which one of the following groups of four climates represents humid conditions?

• (a) A—B—C—E
• (b) A—C—D—E
• (c) B—C—D—E
• (d) A—C—D—F

Answer: (b) A—C—D—E.

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

i. Which two climatic variables are used by Koeppen for classification of the climate?

Answer: Koeppen used temperature and precipitation as the two main climatic variables for classification of the climate. These variables are observed as mean monthly and mean annual values to categorize different climate types.

ii. How is the “genetic” system of classification different from the “empirical one”?

Answer: The genetic system of classification classifies climates on the basis of their causative factors, such as atmospheric processes and origins. The empirical system, however, is based on observed climatic data, such as temperature and precipitation, rather than causes.

iii. Which types of climates have very low range of temperature?

Answer: Tropical humid climates (Group A) have a very low annual range of temperature. These are found near the equator, where the sun is overhead throughout the year, resulting in minimal temperature variation.

iv. What type of climatic conditions would prevail if the sun spots increase?

Answer: If sunspots increase, the earth may experience cooler and wetter climatic conditions. This is based on the correlation observed between increased sunspot activity and cooler, wetter periods, although it is not statistically significant.

3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

i. Make a comparison of the climatic conditions between the “A” and “B” types of climate.

Answer: The “A” type or Tropical Humid Climates are found between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. They are characterized by high temperatures throughout the year (coldest month above 18°C), low annual temperature range, and high annual rainfall, resulting in lush evergreen forests or seasonal rain forests.

There are three subtypes: Af (tropical wet), Am (tropical monsoon), and Aw (tropical wet and dry), each with different precipitation patterns.

In contrast, the “B” type or Dry Climates, found in subtropical and mid-latitude regions, experience very low rainfall, often insufficient for plant growth. Here, potential evaporation exceeds precipitation. The “B” climates are divided into steppe (semi-arid, BS) and desert (arid, BW) types, occurring across low and mid-latitudes. Vegetation is sparse, limited to grasses or shrubs in steppe, and even less in deserts. Thus, Group “A” is marked by heat and moisture, while Group “B” is notable for dryness and water deficiency.

ii. What type of vegetation would you find in the “C” and “A” type(s) of climate?

Answer: In the “A” type or Tropical Humid Climates, dense tropical evergreen forests, also known as rainforests, are common due to consistent high temperatures and heavy rainfall. Biodiversity is extremely rich, and the canopy is very dense.

In areas with a distinct dry season (Aw), deciduous forests and tall grasslands (savannas) are present.

In “C” type or Warm Temperate (Mid-latitude) Climates, such as the Mediterranean and humid subtropical zones, vegetation includes evergreen shrubs and small trees (Mediterranean), broad-leaved deciduous forests, and mixed forests (marine west coast and humid subtropical). These areas also support rich agricultural lands due to fertile soils. Thus, “A” climates are dominated by lush, evergreen vegetation, while “C” climates have a mix of deciduous and evergreen plants suited to their moderate conditions.

iii. What do you understand by the term “Greenhouse Gases”? Make a list of greenhouse gases.

Answer: Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) are atmospheric gases that absorb and trap infrared (longwave) radiation emitted from the Earth's surface, thus preventing heat from escaping into space and causing the greenhouse effect. This phenomenon leads to the warming of Earth's atmosphere, making it habitable, but excessive concentrations can cause global warming.

The main greenhouse gases include:

A. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

B. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

C. Methane (CH₄)

D. Nitrous oxide (N₂O)

E. Ozone (O₃)

Other gases like nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) may indirectly influence greenhouse gas concentrations through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. The increasing levels of these gases, mainly due to industrialization and deforestation, are a major cause of recent climate change and global warming.

Master the Chapter: World Climate and Climate Change NCERT Solutions 2025-26

Get clarity on Koeppen’s climate classification and fundamental ideas about global warming and climate change. With our NCERT Solutions for World Climate and Climate Change, confidently tackle every exam question with well-organized answers.

This chapter explains humic and dry climate types, vegetation patterns, and greenhouse gases, making Geography engaging. Use these solutions to quickly revise and connect theory to real-world examples for Geography exams 2025-26.

Regular practice of NCERT exercise-based solutions ensures you understand crucial topics like climate classification and environmental changes. Maximize scores by reviewing these concise solutions and stay ahead in your Geography preparation.

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