Important Questions and Answers for Class 11 Geography Chapter 11 World Climate and Climate Change 2025-26

1.1. Which one of the following is suitable for Koeppen’s “A” type of climate?

• (a) High rainfall in all the months
• (b) Mean monthly temperature of the coldest month more than freezing point
• (c) Mean monthly temperature of all the months more than 18°C
• (d) Average temperature for all the months below 10°C

Answer: (c) Mean monthly temperature of all the months more than 18°C. 

Koeppen’s A type represents tropical climates with consistently high temperatures.

1.2. Koeppen’s system of classification of climates can be termed as:

• (a) Applied
• (b) Systematic
• (c) Genetic
• (d) Empirical

Answer: (d) Empirical. 

Koeppen’s classification is based on observed data such as temperature and rainfall.

1.3. Most of the Indian Peninsula will be grouped according to Koeppen’s system under:

• (a) “Af”
• (b) “BSh”
• (c) “Cfb”
• (d) “Am”

Answer: (d) “Am”. 

The Indian Peninsula mostly has a tropical monsoon climate.

1.4. Which one of the following years is supposed to have recorded the warmest temperature the world over?

• (a) 1990
• (b) 1998
• (c) 1885
• (d) 1950

Answer: (b) 1998. 

According to records, 1998 was the warmest year in over a millennium.

1.5. Which one of the following groups of four climates represents humid conditions?

• (a) A—B—C—E
• (b) A—C—D—E
• (c) B—C—D—E
• (d) A—C—D—F

Answer: (b) A—C—D—E. 

Groups A (tropical humid), C (warm temperate), D (cold snow-forest), and E (cold) represent humid conditions.

2. Very Short Answer (VSA).

2.1. Name the two climatic variables used by Koeppen for climate classification.

Answer: The two climatic variables used by Koeppen are temperature and precipitation. He based his climate classification primarily on the mean monthly and annual values of these.

2.2. What does the term 'genetic classification of climate' mean?

Answer: Genetic classification organises climates according to their causes. Unlike empirical classification, it focuses on the factors leading to climatic patterns.

2.3. Which climate types have a very low range of temperature?

Answer: Tropical humid climates (Group A) have a very low range of temperature throughout the year due to their proximity to the equator and consistent sunlight.

2.4. What type of climatic conditions occur when sunspot activity increases?

Answer: Increased sunspot activity generally leads to cooler, wetter, and more stormy climatic conditions on Earth. This is due to variations in solar output.

3. Short Answer Questions.

3.1. Describe any two features of dry (B) climates as per Koeppen’s classification.

Answer: Dry climates (B) are defined by very low rainfall, insufficient for plant growth, and high rates of evaporation. They are subdivided into steppe (semi-arid) and desert (arid) types, with deserts being dryer than steppes.

3.2. Explain the key difference between Mediterranean and humid subtropical climates.

Answer: Mediterranean climates (Cs) have hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, found on west coasts; humid subtropical climates (Cfa) have rainfall throughout the year with warm, humid summers and mild winters, mainly on eastern continents.

3.3. What is 'permafrost' and where is it commonly found?

Answer: Permafrost is ground or soil that remains permanently frozen year-round. It is commonly found in tundra regions (ET climates), such as the Arctic and subarctic areas.

4. Long Answer Questions.

4.1. Compare the climatic conditions between ‘A’ (Tropical Humid) and ‘B’ (Dry) types of climate as per Koeppen’s system.

Answer: Tropical humid climates (‘A’) are characterized by consistently high temperatures (mean monthly above 18°C) and abundant year-round rainfall, supporting evergreen forests and high biodiversity. Dry climates (‘B’) have low or erratic rainfall, where evaporation exceeds precipitation, and temperatures range from very hot in deserts to cooler in steppes. These areas support sparse vegetation, such as grasses in steppe and almost no plants in deserts.

1. ‘A’ climates: Low temperature range, wet and hot.
2. ‘B’ climates: High temperature range, dry, limited vegetation.

4.2. Discuss what is meant by greenhouse gases and provide a list of such gases.

Answer: Greenhouse gases are atmospheric gases that trap outgoing longwave radiation, keeping Earth’s lower atmosphere warm. This process is called the greenhouse effect. Major greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and ozone (O₃). They contribute significantly to global warming.

1. CO₂: Fossil fuel burning, deforestation.
2. CH₄: Rice fields, livestock.
3. N₂O: Agricultural activities.
4. CFCs: Industrial products.
5. O₃: Ozone layer, troposphere.

5. Assertion–Reason type questions.

Assertion (A): The annual range of temperature is very low in tropical humid climates.
Reason (R): The sun remains overhead throughout the year near the equator.

• (a) A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
• (b) A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
• (c) A is true, but R is false
• (d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: (a) A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. Overhead sun keeps temperature uniform throughout the year, minimizing annual variation.

3. Fill in the Blanks Questions.

3.1. The climate type with permanently frozen subsoil is known as _________.

Answer: Tundra climate (ET) has permanently frozen subsoil, called permafrost. Only mosses, lichens, and a few flowering plants can grow in this extreme cold environment.

3.2. The main gas responsible for greenhouse warming is _________.

Answer: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the main gas responsible for the greenhouse effect, being released by burning fossil fuels and deforestation, and contributing most to warming the atmosphere.

3.3. The period of alternating glacial and interglacial climate in the Earth's history is called the __________ epoch.

Answer: Pleistocene epoch is known for alternating glacial and interglacial periods, with the most recent glaciation peak about 18,000 years ago.

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