Chemistry in Everyday Life Class 12 Notes CBSE Chemistry Chapter 16 [Free PDF Download]

Section–A (1 Mark Questions)

1.“Chemistry is useful in everyday life: This statement is true or false.

Ans. The given statement is true that chemistry is useful in everyday life.

2. Hair shampoos belong to which class of synthetic detergent?

Ans. Cationic detergent

3. Why is bithionol added to soap?

Ans. Bithionol acts as an antiseptic agent and reduces the odours produced by the bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin.

4. Give three examples of medicines.

Ans. Aspirin, penicillin, paracetamol are the examples of medicines.

5. What is the average molecular mass of drugs?

Ans. About 100 – 500u.

6. With reference to which classification has the statement, “ranitidine is an antacid” been given?

Ans. The given statement refers to the classification of pharmacological effects of the drug this is because any drug that is used to counteract the effects of excess acid in the stomach is called an antacid.

7. How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants? Give one example of each.

Ans. Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.

Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments etc. They are harmful to living tissues.

Iodine is a strong antiseptic. Tincture of iodine 92-93% of solution of iodine in alcohol-water mixture and 1 percent solution of phenol act as disinfectants.

8. Which forces are involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes?

Ans. The forces involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes can be any one of the following:

(i) Ionic bonds

(ii) Hydrogen bonds

(iii) Dipole-dipole interactions

(iv) Van der Waals forces

9. Polar molecules across the cell membrane are carried by which carrier?

Ans. Polar molecules across the cell membrane are carried by carrier protein.

10. Why aspirin belongs to the class of (non-addictive) and narcotic drugs.

Ans. Aspirin belongs to the class of non-narcotic analgesics drugs. It inhibits the synthesis of chemicals known as prostaglandins which stimulate inflammation in the tissue and cause pain. These drugs are effective in relieving skeletal pain such as due to arthritis.

Section – B (2 Marks Questions)

11. Sleeping pills are recommended to patient suffering from sleepness but it is not advisable to take them without consulting the doctor. Why?

Ans. Most of the drugs taken in doses higher than recommended dose may cause harmful effects and act as poison leading to death. Therefore, a doctor must always be consulted before taking any medicine, who will advise the patient for proper and safe doses of the drug.

12. What is the scientific explanation for the feeling of depression?

Ans. A person suffers from depression when he has low levels of noradrenaline. Noradrenaline is a neutrotransmitter which plays a role in mood changes. Low level of noradrenaline lowers the signal-sending activity and make the person suffer from depression.

13. Explain the term, target molecules or drug targets as used in medicinal chemistry.

Ans. In medicinal chemistry, target molecules or drug targes refer to the key molecules (such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are involved in certain metabolic pathways leading to certain diseases. These target molecules are inhibited when the drug molecules bind to the active sites.

14. Why do soaps not work in hard water?

Ans. Soaps do not work in hard water due to the formation of insoluble calcium or magnesium salts of fatty acids.

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions.

During the dissolution of soap in hard water, calcium and magnesium ions displace sodium or potassium ions from soaps to form insoluble calcium or magnesium salts.

15. Give one example for each of the following:

(i) An artificial sweetener whose use is limited to cold drinks.

(ii) A non-ionic detergent.

Ans. (i) Aspartame

(ii) Ester of stearic acid and polyethylene glycol

16. Analysis of water in a place shows that the water contains Magnesium Chloride. The people in that place are advised to use detergents for washing clothes. Why?

Ans. Calcium and magnesium dissolved in water are the two most common minerals that make water “hard”. The degree of hardness becomes greater as the calcium and magnesium content increases and is related to the concentration of multivalent cations dissolved in the water.

Synthetic detergent are much better cleaner than the soaps as they are made up of many petrolium products and so they have antibacterial nature too and they can easily displace the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water and so it can be used in hard water too.

17. Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks?

Ans. Sugar substitutes are substances that are used in place of sweeteners with sugar (sucrose) or sugar alcohols. They may also be called artificial sweeteners. Aspartame is the most successful and widely used artificial sweetener. It is roughly 100 times as sweet as cane sugar. It is methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Use of aspartame is limited to cold foods and soft drinks because it is unstable at cooking temperature.

18. Amino acids serine, aspartic acid and phenylalanine are present on the active site of an enzyme. Explain which forces may be involved in binding the drug to the enzyme if the drug inhibits the holding of substrate on the active site of enzyme.

Ans. –OH group of serine, –COOH group of aspartic acid and phenyl ring of phenylalanine help to bind the drug to the enzyme. 

19. What are the functions performed by histamine in the body?

Ans. Histamines are the potent vasodilators and performs various functions. For example, histamine contracts the smooth muscles in the bronchi and gut (to which patients of asthma are very sensitive) and relaxes other muscles such as those in the walls of fine blood vessels. Histamine is also responsible for the nasal congestion associated with common colds, coughs, allergic response to pollens, etc.

20. What is the medicinal use of narcotic drugs?

Ans. The narcotic drugs relieve pain and produce sleep. Therefore, these are commonly used for the relief of postoperative pain, cardiac pain and pain of terminal cancer and in child birth.

 PDF Summary - Class 12 Chemistry Polymers Notes (Chapter 16)

Medicine or Drugs: Those chemical substances which help the living organisms for the treatment of diseases or to reduce pain are known as medicine or drugs. The treatment of disease with the help of drugs or chemical compounds which destroy the microorganism without causing any harm to our body is called chemotherapy and the compounds used in this process are called chemotherapeutic agents.

A various number of compounds of Medicine are shown as below:

1. Antiseptics: These are those compounds that prevent or destroy the growth of harmful microorganisms in our body. The main examples of common antiseptics are defined as Dettol, Savlon, Cetavelon, acriflavine, iodine, methylene blue, mercurochrome, etc.  Dettol is defined as a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol. Dettol’s diluted solution is generally used to clean wounds. Bithional is an important compound that is added to soap to impart antiseptic properties.

2. Disinfectants: These are the chemical compounds that have the capability to destroy the microorganism completely. These have disadvantages in that they are said to be toxic to living tissues. Disinfectants have many applications but mainly it is used for sterilization of floor, sanitary and cloths. It is noted that 1% solution of phenol is disinfectant while 0.2% solution of phenol is antiseptic.

3. Analgesics: These are the substances that are used as painkillers i. used to get relief from pain. These are basically of two types: 

(a) Narcotics drugs: It is a type of alkaloid that contains opium as one of the ingredients and is known as habit-forming drugs because it causes sleep and unconsciousness when a higher dose is taken. The main example of this drug is Morphine.

(b) Non-narcotics: Analgesics are coming under the category of non-narcotics drugs, these are effectively antipyretics. The main examples of non-narcotics drugs are Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen etc.

4. Antipyretics: These are used to control the fever of the human body. The main examples of this are:

Aspirin whose structure is shown as:

Paracetamol is shown as below:

Phenacetin is shown as below:

5. Antimalarials: As the name suggests this is the drug that is used to cure malaria fever. Examples of antimalarial drugs are Quinine, Chloroquine, Paraquine and Primaquine etc.

6. Tranquilizers: These are those chemical substances which act on the central nervous system. This acts as a calming effect as these are used for mental diseases which are known as psychotherapeutic drugs.

Tranquillizers are generally of two types: 

(a) Sedative or hypnotics Sedative: These types of drugs are used to reduce nervous tension and give relaxation. Examples of this drug are Reserpine, barbituric acid and its derivatives luminal and seconal. 

(b) Mood elevators or Antidepressants: These types of drugs are used for the treatment of highly depressed patients who have lost their confidence. Main example of antidepressants is Benzedrine (amphetamine).

7. Anaesthetics: These are known as those chemical substances which help to relieve pain or are used as local insensibility to pain and other sensation. 

These are also of two types 

(a) General: General anaesthetics produce unconsciousness to the person this is given at the time of major surgical operations. This may be in gaseous as well as in liquid form some of the examples are in gaseous form – Nitrous oxide, ethylene, cyclopropane etc. and in liquid form – Chloroform, divinyl ether and sodium pentothal etc. 

(b) Local anaesthetics: This produces loss of sensation on a small portion of the body. This is used for minor operations. It is present in jelly, spray form and also used in the form of injection. Some of the examples are in jelly form oxylocain, in spray form as an Ethyl chloride and in injection form used as Procaine.

8. Antibiotics: These are the chemical substances that are produced from some microorganisms like fungi, bacteria or mould and these are used to stop or decrease the growth of other microorganisms. In infectious diseases antibiotics work very well like in the flu. The main example of antibiotics is Penicillin which is a highly effective drug for pneumonia, Bronchitis, abscesses, sore throat etc. 

Synthetic antibiotics Streptomycin is used for the treatment of (Tuberculosis), Chloromycetin - (Typhoid, Meningitis, Pneumonia, diarrhoea, dysentery etc.). Tetracycline - (Acute fever, trachoma, dysentery & urinary tract infection).

9. Sulpha Drugs: These are the drugs that have great antibacterial powers. These are defined as a group of drugs that are derivatives of sulfanilamide. Some other examples of sulpha drugs are – 

(a) Sulphathiazole which is used to treat severe infections. 

(b) Sulpha guanidine is used in bacillary dysentery 

(c) Sulpha pyridine is used in pneumonia 

(d) Sulfadiazine is used to treat dysentery, urinary infection and respiratory infection.

Rocket Propellants

Introduction: Rocket propellants are used to give a correct amount of push to the rocket satellites which enter it into space and for this purpose, some chemical fuels are used which are known as rocket propellants. This can be made by the combination of two compounds 

(a) An explosive compound which is known as fuel.

(b) Oxidizer 

There are some conditions which have to be satisfied for being a propellent these can be defined as:

1. It should be ashless i.e. burning of fuel should not leave any ash. 

2. The burning of fuel should produce a large volume of gases/g of fuel. 

3. The combustion should proceed at a fast rate.

Classification: This can be classified on the basis of its physical state of fuel and oxidizer i.e., whether it is solid, liquid or gaseous nature.

1. Solid Propellants: These are those propellants in which both fuel and oxidizer are solid. These are generally of two types 

(a) Composite propellant: This contains polymeric binder as fuel and ammonium perchlorate as an oxidizer. The main polymeric binder of fuel is Polyurethane or polybutadiene and the Oxidizer is Ammonium perchlorate (II).

(b) Double base propellant: which consists of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. There is one main disadvantage of solid propellants that once they ignite, they will burn at a predetermined rate. These do not have the start and stop capability.

2. Liquid Propellant: These are generally of two types which can be defined as 

(a) Mono Liquid propellant: These are single liquid propellant which acts as fuel and oxidizer. For example, Nitromethane, Methyl nitrate, etc. 

(b) Biliquid propellant: This type of propellant comprises a liquid fuel and a liquid oxidizer. In this case, fuel used is Kerosene, alcohol, hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine (MMH) or liquid hydrogen and Liquid oxygen, nitrogen tetroxide or nitrous acid are used as oxidizers.

The main advantages of liquid propellants are:

a. These provide higher thrust as compared to solid propellants. 

b. The thrust can be controlled by switching on and off the flow of liquid propellant.

3. Hybrid Propellants: These are generally consisting of solid fuel and a liquid oxidizer. In this case, acrylic rubber is used as fuel and liquid nitrous oxide is used as an oxidizer.

Specific Impulse 

Specific impulse is represented as IS which defines the superiority and performance of a propellant. It is given by the formula:

\[{{I}_{S}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{T}{M}}\]

Here T is defined as flame temperature and M is average molecular mass.

This formula defines that the performance of rocket propellant is directly proportional to a flame temperature which defines that propellant will be better if the flame temperature is higher and the average mass of the product gas is lower.

Dyes

Introduction

Dyes are defined as coloured substances which are used in solution or used as a dispersion to a substrate as a textile fibre like cotton, wool, silk, polyester, nylon, paper, leather, hair, fur, plastic material etc. and give them a coloured and shiny appearance. 

The Colour of any item depends upon the absorption property of light. If any compound absorbs light in the visible region, then its colour will be the same as it gets after reflection. The main example is when a dye absorbs blue colour then it gives its complementary colour yellow. Auxochromes are defined as those groups which do not absorb light by their own like chromophores but they deepen their colour when mixed with any coloured compounds, i.e.,$OH,N{{H}_{2}},Cl,COOH$ etc.

Classification

It can be classified on the basis of their source:

1. Natural dyes: These are those dyes that are derived through plants i.e., by nature. The main examples of natural dyes are alizarin, indigo etc.

2. Synthetic dyes: These are manmade dyes i.e., prepared in the laboratory. For example malachite green, orange-I, orange-II, aniline yellow etc.

Constitution

The main constitutions of dyes are defined as:

1. Nitro dyes contain Martius yellow.

2. Azo dyes contain aniline yellow, methyl orange, orange-I, congo red etc.

3. Triphenylmethane dyes contain malachite green magenta.

4. Indigoid dyes contain Indigo, indigosol.

5. Anthraquinone dyes contain alizarin. 

6. Phthalein dyes contain phenolphthalein.

Applications

A. Acid Dyes: These are defined as sodium salts of azo dyes which contain sulphonic acid or carboxylic acid for example orange-I, orange-II, congo red, methyl orange and methyl red. These dyes are used to dye wool, silk, polyurethane fibres but these cannot be used for cotton. Polycaprolactam fibres contain free amino groups in higher proportion therefore the affinity of acid dyes for nylon is higher in this case as compared to other types.

B. Basic Dyes: These are defined as the salts of azo and triphenylmethane dyes which contains amino groups like auxochromes, main examples are aniline yellow, butter yellow, malachite green and chrysoidine G. These dyes are applied in their soluble acid solutions which further get attached to the anionic sites present on the fabrics. These types of dyes are used to dye polyesters and reinforced nylons.

C. Direct Dyes: These dyes are generally known as water-soluble dyes and have advantages that are directly applied to the fabric from an aqueous solution. These dyes are mostly useful for fabrics that can form hydrogen bonds such as cotton, wool, silk, rayon and nylon. The main examples of direct dyes are congo red and martius yellow.

D. Fibre Reactive Dyes: These are those dyes that attach themselves to the fibre through an irreversible reaction. Due to its irreversible reaction, dying is very fast and its colour remains as such for a long time. These dyes contain reactive groups which combine directly with the hydroxyl or amino group of the fibre (cotton, wool, silk). The important examples of these dyes are derivatives of 2, 4-dichloro-1, 3, 5-triazine.

E. Insoluble Azo Dyes: These are the dyes that are obtained by coupling phenols, naphthols, aminophenols adsorbed on the surface of a fabric with the help of polyurethanes, polyacrylonitrile and leather. These dyes constitute about 60% of the total dyes used. These types of dyes are of toxic nature so these cannot be used for foodstuff but can be used to dye cosmetics, drugs, biological strains like indicators etc.

F. Ingrain Dyes: These types of dyes are insoluble in water and are produced in situ on the surface of the fabric with the help of coupling reactions. The main example of ingrained dye is para red.

G. Vat Dyes: These are also known as insoluble dyes which are first reduced to colourless soluble form with the help of a reducing agent like alkaline sodium hydrosulphite and then it is applied to the fabric which further gets oxidized to insoluble coloured form along with the evolution of air or some oxidizing agent like chromic acid. Examples of vat dyes are indigo. Indigosol O. This type of dyes is used to dye wool.

H. Mordant Dyes: This is a type of dye that is first treated with metal ion as a mordant and then applied to the fabric and this mordant acts as a binding agent between the dye and the fabric. It can give different colours to the fabric by choosing different types of metals. These dyes are also used to dye wool. The main example is alizarin which gives a rose-red or turkey red colour.

Chemicals in Food

Food Additives: Chemicals that are added to food items to improve their qualities, appearance, taste, odour and nutritive or food value are known by the name food additives. Food additives generally include preservatives, flavouring agents, artificial sweeteners, dyes, antioxidants, fortifiers, emulsifiers and antifoaming agents.

Antioxidants: Antioxidants are those chemicals that are used to prevent oxidation of fats in package foods like potato chips, biscuits, breakfast cereals, crackers etc. They are said to be more reactive towards oxygen and also reduce the rate of involvement of free radicals in the ageing process. The main examples of antioxidants are butylated hydroxytoluene abbreviated as BHT and butylated hydroxyanisole abbreviated as BHA.

Artificial Sweetening Agents: These types of items are generally used by diabetic’s patients as we know that sucrose and fructose are natural sweetening agents. These add on the calories in the food in which it adds and it promotes tooth decay, therefore, there is a need of using artificial sweeteners. The main examples of artificial sweetening agents are saccharin, aspartame, alitame, sucralose, cyclamate and L-glucose. 

(i) Saccharin is used in the form of sodium or calcium salt which is highly soluble in water. It is said to be non-biodegradable in nature and does not contain any calorific value of food. It is primarily used by diabetic patients and those persons who need to control calories.

(ii) Aspartame is used as a sugar substitute in soft drinks and cold foods in which the methyl ester of the dipeptide is derived from phenylalanine and aspartic acid.

(iii) Alitame is similar to aspartame but it is said to be more stable as compared to aspartame. 

(iv) Sucralose is said to be a trichloro derivative of sucrose. This has the main advantage that it neither provides calories nor causes tooth decay. 

(v) Cyclamate It is N-cyclohexyl sulfamate which is also used as a sweetening agent.

(vi) L-Glucose is similar to D-sugars, L-sugars which are also sweet in taste but do not provide any energy since our body does not have the enzymes for their metabolism.

Preservatives

These are chemical substances which are used to protect food against bacteria, yeasts and moulds are called preservatives. The most common example of a preservative is sodium benzoate. Another main example of preservative is sodium or potassium metabisulphite used in jams, squashes and pickles etc. Its preservative action is due to sulphur dioxide which dissolves in water and forms sulphurous acid which inhibits the growth of yeasts, moulds and bacteria. Salts of propionic acid and sorbic acid are also used as preservatives.

Edible colours

Many types of colours are added to food items which improve the appearance of food items but it does not provide any nutrition in that food. These are also said to be dyes and like dyes, they will also exist in two forms called synthetic or natural. The synthetic edible colours are those azo dyes that are harmful to young children and asthma patients. An example of synthetic azo dye is tetrazine which is shown to be harmful. Examples of natural edible colours are annatto, caramel, carotene and saffron, these are said to be safe. Some inorganic salts have also been used as an edible colour like iron oxide is used to impart red colour and titanium dioxide is used to intensify whiteness.

Detergents

Soaps

Soaps are said to be sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids for example lauric acid (${{C}_{11}}{{H}_{23}}COOH$), myristic acid (${{C}_{13}}{{H}_{27}}COOH$), palmitic acid (${{C}_{15}}{{H}_{31}}COOH$, stearic acid (${{C}_{17}}{{H}_{35}}COOH$), oleic acid (${{C}_{17}}{{H}_{33}}COOH$), linoleic acid (${{C}_{17}}{{H}_{31}}COOH$) and linolenic acid (${{C}_{17}}{{H}_{29}}COOH$). Soaps are said to be biodegradable in nature and soap is said to be biodegradable because microorganisms present in sewage water completely oxidize them to $C{{O}_{2}}$. Due to this property, soaps do not create any water pollution problems. 

But this contains two main disadvantages which can be explained as:

1. Soaps cannot be used in hard water as calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water react with soaps which form curdy white precipitates with hard water. 

2. Soaps cannot be used in acidic solutions as acids precipitate the insoluble free fatty acids which adhere to the fabrics and hence prevent the process of dyeing.

Synthetic detergents

Synthetic detergents are generally known as sodium salts of alkyl hydrogen sulphates of long-chain alcohols or alkyl benzene sulphonates. Detergents can be used even in hard water as it contains sodium or potassium salts and their calcium and magnesium salts are also soluble in water. Both soaps and synthetic detergents are not completely biodegradable and they cause water-pollution. Synthetic detergents are of three types:

1. Anionic Detergents: As their name suggested that a large part of their molecules is known as anions. These further divided into two types: 

a. Sodium alkyl sulphate: These are those detergents which are obtained from long chain alcohols by reacting them with concentrated sulphuric acid by the neutralization reaction with NaOH. These sodium alkyl sulphates are said to be purely biodegradable in nature. The preparation of sodium alkyl sulphate is shown as:

\[\underset{\text{n-Lauryl alcohol}}{\mathop{{{C}_{11}}{{H}_{23}}C{{H}_{2}}OH}}\,\xrightarrow[-{{H}_{2}}O]{Conc.{{H}_{2}}S{{O}_{4}}}\underset{\text{n-lauryl hydrogen sulphate}}{\mathop{{{C}_{11}}{{H}_{23}}C{{H}_{2}}OS{{O}_{2}}H}}\,\xrightarrow[-{{H}_{2}}O]{NaOH}\underset{\text{Sodium lauryl sulpahte}}{\mathop{{{C}_{11}}{{H}_{23}}C{{H}_{2}}OS{{O}_{2}}Na}}\,\]

b. Alkylbenzene sulphonates: These detergents are obtained by the process called Friedel craft alkylation in which benzene with a long-chain alkyl halide or an alkene or alcohol reacts through the reaction called sulphonation and neutralization with the base NaOH. The most commonly used example of this type of domestic detergent is sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate shown as:

and another important example is sodium 2-dodecylbenzenesulfonate which is shown as:

These types of detergents are very effective in slightly acidic solutions as they can easily form corresponding alkyl hydrogen sulphates which are of soluble nature, on the other hand, soaps react with acidic solutions and form insoluble fatty acids which cause pollution.

2. Cationic Detergents: These are said to be quaternary ammonium salts like chlorides, bromides, acetates etc. This type of detergent contains one or more than one long-chain alkyl group. These are expensive as compared to anionic detergents therefore these have limited uses. These types of detergents have germicidal properties and are used quite extensively as germicides for example cetyltrimethylammonium chloride represented by the chemical formula $[C{{H}_{3}}{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{15}}{{N}^{+}}{{(C{{H}_{3}})}_{3}}]C{{l}^{-}}$.

3. Non-Ionic Detergents: Detergents are present in the form of esters which are of high molecular mass that is obtained by reaction between polyethene glycol and stearic acid. These can also be obtained from long-chain alcohols by reacting them with excess ethylene oxide in presence of a base.

Detergent Pollution

Detergents generally contain branched hydrocarbon chains which cause pollution in lakes, ponds, rivers and other water bodies. This can be explained on the basis of the presence of side chains that stop bacteria from attacking and breaking off the chains. This results in the slow degradation of detergent molecules leading to their accumulation.

Revision Notes For Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16 - Free PDF Download

This class 12 Chemistry in everyday life revision notes explains the composition of the medicine. They are compounds that are useful in the analysis, deterrence, and treatment of diseases. The antiseptic consequence of a drug helps in curing diseases on a human  body, also known as a therapeutic effect.

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16 Notes - Summary

What are Enzymes?

Biological catalysts that are proteins in the body are called enzymes. Students need to understand the functions of these proteins to strengthen their base of chemistry.

This NCERT class 12 revision notes Chemistry chapter 16 solution explains the functions of enzyme in brief.

• An enzyme holds the base for a chemical reaction.

• Substrate molecules which are energetic sites of enzymes hold them in an appropriate position. It can work as reagent effectively.

NCERT solutions chapter 16 class 12 Chemistry revision notes also explain the function of drugs which affects enzyme reaction. The reticence of enzymes is a crucial part of drug action.

An enzyme inhibitor is a drug which restrains the catalytic movement of enzymes. This is explained in revision notes class 12 chemistry chapter 16. This further blocks the obligatory site of an enzyme to prevent substrate enzyme binding.

This drug can slow down the addition of substrate on a dynamic spot of enzymes in the following ways:

• Competitive Inhibition

 The drugs that contend with the natural substrate are called competitive Inhibitors. It is a form of attachment on the active sites of enzymes. This concept has been defined in class 12 chemistry chapter 16 revision notes.

• Non-Competitive Inhibition

Some drugs bind to an allosteric site rather than hooking to the enzyme’s active site. This binding of inhibitors at the allosteric site is explained in class 12 chemistry revision notes solution chapter 16. Furthermore, the shape of the functional site changes, which is unrecognisable as a substrate.

Chemistry in everyday life class 12 Chemistry revision notes explains this bond of an enzyme. An inhibitor is a sturdy covalent bond that cannot be broken easily. The body then demeans the enzyme-inhibitor compound and synthesises the new enzyme.

What are the Different Classes of Drugs in Revision Notes Class 12 Chapter 16?

The Chemistry class 12 chapter 16 revision notes also explain the classes of drugs which are beneficial.

The three basic forms of drugs used in general life are mentioned below:

Antacid: They counterbalance surplus acid in the gastric juices and give relief from acid stomach, heartburns and ulcers.

Antihistamines: Chemical composition which eliminates the effects of histamine released in the body and hence prevents reactions of allergy.

Neurologically Active Drugs: These drugs have a neurological effect which affects the message transfer mechanism.

One can check Vedantu, which is a reliable education portal offering multiple notes on class 12 Chemistry chapter 16 revision notes. Moreover, students can check their live classes and training sessions available for a budget-friendly price.

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Important Topics Covered in Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16

Below are the important topics covered in this chapter.

• Medicines or Drugs

• Types of Medicines or Drugs

• Rocket Propellants

• Types of Rocket Propellants

• Dyes

• Classification of Dyes

• Application of Dyes

• Chemicals in Foods

• Soaps and Detergents

Key Points of Chemistry Revision Notes for Chapter 16

Download the free PDF of CBSE Class 12 Chemistry revision notes for Chapter 16 from Vedantu to enhance your learning. The revision notes are very helpful for revising the whole chapter before the exams. These notes focus on details and contain each and everything from the chapter. You will also be able to save your time in preparing notes by referring to the revision notes provided by Vedantu.