What is The National Literacy Mission?
The National Literacy Mission was established in the year 1988 and launched by the Government of India on May 5, 1988 with the goal of eradicating illiteracy from the country by catering to the section of the society that requires education the most and will benefit from it. Thus, the National Literacy Mission was established not with the only motive of making every individual of the country self reliant in the three R's - Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic but so by making them aware of the developmental issues that cause hurdles to the growth of the society. The target group for this mission was set between the age group of 15 to 35. This Mission worked under the administration of the National Literacy Mission Authority which was an independent wing of the Department of Education.
Main Programmes Under The National Literacy Mission
The two flagship programmes of the National Literacy Mission (NLM) include:
Total Literacy Programmes and
Post Literacy Programme
It is through these programmes that the objectives and aims of the mission could be given shape. The Total Literacy Campaign was aimed at imparting basic literacy to all the adult non literates from the decided age range. While the later programme was initiated to reinforce the literacy skills of the neo literates. The other rung that was made part of the existing two part project included the Continuing Education Programme that was aimed at providing facilities like reading rooms, rural libraries for the neo literates and different other sections of the community. All these three campaigns together formed the Total Literacy Campaign Programmes. In addition to the bare minimum education that was being provided, focus was also given on vocation training to the neo literates and several other disadvantaged and underprivileged sections of the society with the support of Jan Shikshan Sansthans.
The National Literacy Mission (NLM) launched its first successful campaign in the Kottayam city in Kerala and then the Ernakulam district of Kerala. By the end of November 2002, 596 districts out of the total 600 districts in the nation had been covered by the National Literacy Mission (NLM) under the total literacy campaign. Out of this total literacy campaign, 191 districts were a part of the post literacy phase while 238 had already entered the continuing education phase.
Objectives Of The National Literacy Mission (NLM)
The entire National Literacy Mission was aimed to mainly ensure that each citizen of the country gets an equal opportunity of education and a chance to enhance their skill set by making the best use of education. The major National Literacy Mission objectives and aims are as follows:
The aim was to undertake a full scale literacy campaign which would be of a sustainable threshold level touching the minimum mark of 75% of the population by the year 2007. The mission seeked to fulfill this goal by imparting functional literacy to non-literates from the age of 15 to 35.
The objective was also to make all of the citizens self-reliant but alongside identifying and getting aware of the underlying causes of deprivation of education and going forward towards the amelioration of the condition by making every citizen a part of the process of development by helping people make the most out of education.
Helping with skill enhancement to improve the general well being and economic status of the people of the country.
Helping the students imbibe values of national integration, women's equality, conservation of the environment, observance of the nuclear family norms and the like.
Catalysing the reduction in gender gap in literacy by 10%.
Helping with the reduction of gender, social, and regional disparities in the educational spheres.
Results of The National Literacy Mission
The National Literacy Mission (NLM) resulted in the following major outcomes:
It has been able to cover 597 districts in the country under various literacy programmes. Out of this 174 districts are not in Post Literacy Programmes and 328 districts in the continuing education phase.
All the Literacy Programmes sanctioned by the National Literacy Mission were estimated to cover approximately 150 million Neo literates out of which 125.6 Million people have already been made literate under the programmes of National Literacy Mission.
The existing gender disparity could be curtailed to a big extent as 60% of the learners during these literacy campaigns have been females while 40% of them were men.
These literacy programmes also catered to the disadvantaged sections of the society as 23% learners were seen to belong to the Scheduled Castes while 12% belong to the Scheduled Tribes.
The cumulative number of literary volunteers who were mobilised since the launching of literary campaigns were estimated to be approximately 15 million.
With the rampant spread of this programme, the literacy rate of the country also increased from 52.21% in 1991 to 65.37% in 2001, registering one of the highest decadal growth in literacy.
Remaining Issues And How It Is Being Tackled
The National Literacy Mission has gained a lot of prominence and happens to be a huge step forward for the entire country. Yet, these two major issues have still remained. They are as follows:
Despite the significant results that these campaigns brought about, 34% of the non literates in the age group of 15 and above throughout the world belong specifically from India.
Even though the gender, regional and social disparities have been getting lower, they have still been continuing with families and citizens focusing more on the education of Savarna class men.
To tackle these two crucial problems, the Government of India decided to go forward with an integrated approach to the literacy programmes rather than making it a step by step linear progression. With the integration of the Total Literacy Campaign with the Post Literacy Campaign under the One Literacy Project - the government wanted to implement the same approach throughout the country. This approach will be effective in tackling the existing illiteracy issue with a holistic approach.
Conclusion
The National Literacy Mission has been a boon to the country as it has effectively been able to push forward education programmes in a country where there has been widespread illiteracy. This article has traced what is national literacy mission, the aims and objectives, and the results of the entire mission.
FAQs on National Literacy Mission - A Game Changing All India Literacy Campaign
1. What was the National Literacy Mission (NLM)?
The National Literacy Mission (NLM) was a nationwide program launched by the Government of India on May 5, 1988. Its primary objective was to eradicate illiteracy by imparting functional literacy to non-literate individuals, primarily focusing on the 15-35 age group, which is considered the most productive segment of the population.
2. What were the main objectives of the National Literacy Mission?
The main objectives of the National Literacy Mission went beyond basic reading and writing. Key goals included:
- To impart functional literacy, which includes reading, writing, and arithmetic skills (the 3 R's).
- To create awareness about social issues and the causes of deprivation.
- To empower individuals to participate in the process of national development.
- To help learners acquire skills to improve their economic status and general well-being.
- To promote national integration, environmental conservation, and women's equality.
3. Who was the primary target audience of the National Literacy Mission?
The NLM specifically targeted non-literate individuals within the 15 to 35 years age bracket. Within this group, the mission placed a special emphasis on reaching marginalized communities, including women, Scheduled Castes (SC), and Scheduled Tribes (ST), who historically had lower literacy rates.
4. How did the Total Literacy Campaign (TLC) under the NLM differ from earlier literacy programs?
The Total Literacy Campaign (TLC) model was a significant departure from previous centre-based programs. Its key differences were:
- Mass Mobilization: It was designed as a mass movement, relying heavily on community participation and a large number of volunteers (students, teachers, social workers) rather than paid instructors.
- Area-Specific Approach: Campaigns were planned and implemented for a specific district or area, making them more manageable and context-specific.
- Time-Bound: Each campaign had a clear duration and specific targets, creating a sense of urgency and accountability.
5. What was the importance of 'functional literacy' as promoted by the NLM?
Functional literacy was a core concept of the NLM and meant much more than just the ability to read and write one's name. It referred to the ability to use reading, writing, and arithmetic skills in everyday life. This included reading newspapers, understanding public signs, managing a personal budget, and being aware of one's rights and responsibilities as a citizen, thereby enabling individuals to function effectively in their communities and contribute to national development.
6. What was the role of the Post-Literacy and Continuing Education programmes in the NLM framework?
The NLM recognised that literacy skills could be lost if not regularly used. The Post-Literacy Programme (PLP) and Continuing Education (CE) schemes were designed to address this. Their purpose was to consolidate the literacy skills gained during the TLC, prevent a relapse into illiteracy, and provide opportunities for learners to continue their education and apply their new skills in practical ways, ensuring the long-term success of the mission.
7. Did the National Literacy Mission receive any major international recognition?
Yes, the efforts of the National Literacy Mission received significant international praise. In 1999, it was awarded the prestigious UNESCO Noma Literacy Prize. This award recognised the NLM's success in mobilising a large-scale, nationwide campaign and its effective development of teaching and learning materials to promote quality primary education and adult literacy.
8. What program eventually succeeded the National Literacy Mission?
The National Literacy Mission was succeeded and revamped by the Saakshar Bharat Mission, which was launched in 2009. While the NLM laid a strong foundation, Saakshar Bharat was introduced to accelerate the pace of literacy, with a renewed and sharper focus on adult education, particularly for women in rural areas, to address the remaining literacy gaps in the country.
9. Why was it necessary to replace the NLM with a new program like Saakshar Bharat?
The transition from NLM to Saakshar Bharat was a strategic policy evolution. Despite the NLM's success, a significant portion of the population, especially adult women, remained non-literate. Saakshar Bharat was launched to specifically target this demographic and bridge the persistent gender gap in literacy. It aimed to go beyond basic literacy to also include vocational training and skill development, aligning with India's evolving socio-economic goals for the 21st century.
