Comparing Populations: A Complete Guide for Students

The concept of Comparing Populations is fundamental in statistics and data handling. It helps students and researchers understand similarities and differences between groups based on statistical measures. Mastering this topic is essential for success in school exams, competitive assessments, and real-life data analysis.

What is Comparing Populations?

Comparing populations means analyzing two or more groups by looking at their statistical features—such as mean, median, range, and spread—to identify meaningful differences or similarities. For example, a school might compare test scores from two different classes to see which teaching method is more effective, or scientists might compare heights of plants grown with different fertilizers. Understanding how to make these comparisons helps you make data-driven decisions.

Key Concepts in Comparing Populations

• Population: All members of a group you want to study (e.g., all students in a school).
• Sample: A smaller group chosen from the population (e.g., 30 students from the school).
• Parameter: A value describing the population (like population mean).
• Statistic: A value describing a sample (like sample mean).
• Mean: The average value.
• Median: The middle value when arranged in order.
• Variance & Standard Deviation: How spread out the data is.
• Distribution: How values are arranged or spread out within a group.

Methods for Comparing Populations

Several methods can be used to compare populations in statistics. Here are some of the most common approaches:

1. Compare the means (averages) of the two groups.
2. Compare the medians to assess typical values.
3. Check the ranges and standard deviations to understand spread/variation.
4. Use box plots or box-and-whisker plots for quick visual comparison.
5. Look at the shape and overlap of each distribution using histograms or cumulative plots.

Formulae and Statistical Tests for Comparing Populations

For formal statistical comparison, especially when working with samples, we use tests based on certain formulas:

• Difference of Means (Sample):
  \( \text{Difference} = \bar{x}_1 - \bar{x}_2 \)
  Where \( \bar{x}_1 \) and \( \bar{x}_2 \) are the sample means of two groups.


• Independent Two-Sample t-Test:
  \( t = \frac{\bar{x}_1 - \bar{x}_2}{\sqrt{\frac{s_1^2}{n_1} + \frac{s_2^2}{n_2}}} \)
  Where \( s_1^2 \) and \( s_2^2 \) are sample variances, \( n_1 \) and \( n_2 \) are sample sizes.


• Other common tests include the F-test (for variances) and chi-square tests (for categorical data).

Choose the test based on your data type and question. For more, see our guide: Statistics on Vedantu.

Worked Example: Comparing Test Scores

Let’s say Class A and Class B took the same maths test. Here are their scores:

• Class A Scores: 70, 75, 80, 85, 90
• Class B Scores: 60, 65, 70, 75, 100

1. Find the mean for each class:
   Class A Mean = (70+75+80+85+90)/5 = 80
   Class B Mean = (60+65+70+75+100)/5 = 74
2. Find the range for each class:
   Class A Range = 90 – 70 = 20
   Class B Range = 100 – 60 = 40
3. Interpretation:
   Class A has a higher average but less spread. Class B's scores are more varied.

For a more advanced example, you might use a t-test to check if the difference in means is statistically significant (i.e., unlikely due to random chance).

Practice Problems

• Find the mean and median for the following sets: [12, 15, 17, 19, 25] and [10, 14, 19, 21, 23]. Which group is higher on average?
• Draw a box plot for these two data sets: [5, 7, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15] and [6, 8, 10, 12, 12, 13, 18]. What can you say about the spreads?
• Class X’s test scores have a mean of 62 with a standard deviation of 10. Class Y's mean is 68 with a standard deviation of 18. How do these populations compare?
• Which test should you use to determine if boys and girls have different average heights in your school? Why?
• Using the t-test formula, compare these small samples:
  Group 1: [20, 22, 23], Group 2: [25, 27, 31]
  (Hint: Calculate mean and variance for each group, then use the t formula above.)

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Confusing sample mean with population mean; make sure you know whether you have the entire group or just a sample.
• Ignoring spread/variance; two groups may have similar means but very different spreads.
• Misreading box plots; overlapping boxes doesn’t always mean groups are the same.
• Using a t-test when your data isn’t normally distributed (in that case, use a non-parametric test like Mann-Whitney U).
• Forgetting to check if sample sizes are similar before comparing means directly.

Real-World Applications

Comparing populations is widely used in the real world. In medicine, researchers compare different treatments to see which is better. In business, companies compare sales before and after a marketing campaign. In education, schools compare classes or teaching methods to improve learning outcomes. At Vedantu, we use these methods to assess and improve student performance across batches and subjects.

Page Summary

This topic covered how to compare populations using statistical methods such as means, medians, ranges, and formal tests like the t-test. By understanding and practicing these techniques, students can analyze data smartly—both in exams and daily life. For more learning on means, variances, and statistical tests, you can explore other topics on Vedantu.